Big Time Toymaker Essay

The hypothesis to rehearse situation between Big Time Toymaker and Chou as I would see it went into an agreement in two separate events. The first run through was the verbal understanding Big Time Toymaker (BTT) made with Chou three days before the multi day duration finished and afterward there was the email Chou got that gave him the terms, time period, cost and commitments; now Chou felt that there was a real agreement. The one reality that could help Chou for this situation is that he has an email to demonstrate that there was a type of purpose there from BTT with respect to an agreement. Then again the one thing that may mean something negative for Chou is that he got nothing recorded as a hard copy, which would be the genuine agreement. The way that the two gatherings were conveying by email impacts my examination. Organizations send messages to each other all the time talking about terms and understandings and the way that they had spoken and settled on an earlier understanding verbally considers the underlying understanding and the email would be development. An agreement comprises of all gatherings that are included to have a mark and on the off chance that they verbal understanding would not have occurred before the email, at that point my choice would be unique. I feel that Chou has the option to feel that he was going into an agreement with BTT yet ought to have followed up for a composed agreement. The job of extortion has assumed a job in this situation as per the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), the offer of merchandise for more than $500.00 and any rent exchange for products of $1000.00 or more (Melvin,2011). In this situation Chou got $25,000.00 in return for the exchange rights for 90 days from BTT. This isn't a mix-up under the teaching of mix-up in light of the fact that with the goal for this to happen there would should be a one-sided botch made in the agreement and there was not one nor was there a real composed agreement. On the off chance that there was a genuine agreement there could have been laws applied towards exacting obligation also. For contention accepting that the email filled in as an adequate agreement then BTT was in penetrate of the agreement. BTT was in penetrate by not dispersing the game as they concurred. With BTT breaking the agreement Chou can look for remuneration for any harms and any misfortune.

Watching Television Has Adverse on Children and Should Be Restricted. Do You Accept This View Give Reason for or Against This Preposision free essay sample

By and by, our family has a TV. We don’t think it’s insidious. Together, we appreciate watching motion pictures, quality TV appears, and sporadically the news. Be that as it may, it’s not on of course, and it’s certainly not our primary technique for diversion. For as far back as three years living abroad, we haven’t got a TV signal, so our TV was held exclusively for watching DVDs. Presently that we’re back in the U. S. (by and large. This isn’t intended to sound holier-than-thou, as if anything short of that makes somebody a terrible parent. I’m basically saying that we’ve found that it’s really not that hard to not rely upon TV just as it’s the holy place of the front room. In the family where I grew up, TV was on as a matter of course, and I as a matter of fact observed a considerable amount (however I still by one way or another figured out how to peruse a ton and come out rather non-dependent on TV). Not long after I moved out of my parents’, I saw the amount I adored the sound of†¦ nothing. That the boom of TV didn’t need to continually be on. I realized I needed that as the default in my own home. My better half and I are content with the parity we’ve found in our family; that we utilize the TV as an apparatus in our home for both diversion and training, yet it’s not a symbol or a dependence. However we realize it can without much of a stretch fall prey to the job of significant time-sucker and vitality squanderer. It’s critical to remind ourselves ceaselessly why it’s an extraordinary thought to not generally sit in front of the TV. What's more, that there are a lot of different activities. Here are my preferred reasons. 1. Staring at the TV associates with unexpected weakness, weight increase, and low vitality levels. Photograph via Caryn Werner It’s no mystery †being a habitual slouch adds to a ton of our current culture’s weight addition and unexpected weakness. I was amazed by a portion of the measurements I uncovered when I researched on this for my up and coming book. As indicated by the U. S. Place for Disease Control: â€Å"One-fourth of kids in America go through four hours or additionally staring at the TV every day and just 27 percent of understudies in grades 9 through 12 take part in moderate physical action at any rate 30 minutes per day on at least five days of the week. Youth weight is a significant issue; we as a whole know this. Probably the greatest connection is the expansion in screen time †as indicated by Norman Herr, educator of science training at California State University,the normal kid in America watches 1,680 minutes of TV for each week. That’s four hours out of each day. The wellbeing dangers are the equivalent for grown-ups and for thos e outside the U. S. On the off chance that we need to keep up a sound weight, keep our required vitality step up, and by and large deal with our bodies, we should keep the TV set off as a matter of course. 2. Thoughtless TV-viewing permits a wide range of pictures and qualities I don’t fundamentally support into my home. Those youngsters that watch 28 hours of TV week by week? They’ll see a normal of 8. 000 homicides when they finish primary school. They’ll additionally observe around 20,000 30-second ads every year. There are such a large number of different things I need filling my children’s minds than our culture’s fixation withthings and with graphically stunning pictures. I’d rather them enjoy reality. Leaving the TV on implies having next to no control of what data is invaded into your four dividers. On the off chance that you wouldn’t need those pictures embellishing your dividers, or on the off chance that you wouldn’t need that specific demonstration done on your floor, at that point why show it on a screen for you to watch? 3. Keeping TV viewing down to a negligible level implies that when it’s on, it’s quality. Photograph from Ocean’s 12 This carries me to the subject of deliberate TV viewing. At the point when you don’t have it on as a matter of course, sitting in front of the TV is somuch progressively agreeable. You’re being engaged or instructed by something you’re permitting into your home, that passes your review. Sitting in front of the TV all in all family four hours out of every week, rather than 28, implies that those four hours are considerably more significant. Our children love â€Å"family film night,† where once every week we select one film to plunk down and observe together, without taking any kind of action else. We diminish the lights, pop popcorn, and cuddle together on the lounge chair. In the event that we’re unwinding before the TV some other time, it’s to watch a couple of shows we’re purposely viewing in light of the fact that that’s why we turned the TV on in any case. At the point when the show closes, the TV gets killed. 4. It’s increasingly quiet, unwinding, and less upsetting when the TV is off as a matter of course. Television is noisy. Plugs shout at you to purchase their (normally) trivial items, discord from around the globe mentions to you what you’ve missed over the most recent ten minutes, and pictures turn and hum and prodigy by you quicker than your cerebrum can process them. At the point when TV is on constantly, you pass up living gradually. You don’t hear the feathered creatures very also. It’s harder to have a discussion. To put it plainly, it’s a poor trade for genuine †and genuine is substantially more serene without media on out of sight as a matter of course. . There are essentially other fun activities. Photograph by Robert S. Donovan This is presumably my most grounded purpose behind not needing TV on constantly. I have such a large number of things I’d rather do! Whenever I’m watching something on TV, I’m purposely decidi ng to do that as opposed to something different. I love to sew, to peruse, to finish, to play with my children. My children love to investigate and meander outside, to enable me to cook, to play with their companions. For what reason would I exchange watching somebody else’s (counterfeit) life for experienced my own? Usually, there genuinely are a bigger number of things I’d preferably do over sit in front of the TV. When you escape the propensity for continually having it on,it’s actually not that tempting any longer. It’s only one more alternative in the horde of decisions out there to do. Also, there are bounty, trust me. In the event that your children grumble of being exhausted, that’s alright. It’s something worth being thankful for to be exhausted †it makes them think bigger; it drives them to consider new ideas; it pushes them to do things they don’t ordinarily do. I urge youâ€try to keep your TV killed for seven days, and accomplish something different. I know you’ve got an entire rundown of things you need to do when you have the opportunity. You can do it!

MIT is going to pump you up!

MIT is going to pump you up! Have any of you read “The Idea Factory: Learning to Think at MIT”? If not, then I’d recommend it. The author, Pepper White, got his Masters (in MechE!) from MIT in 1984 and the book is about his educational experiences at the ‘Tute. I read it before starting college, but I have had many moments that reminded me of things that White had talked about, including long bike rides to clear your mind and “ah-ha” moments while chatting with the shop guys in Pappalardo (where we build out 2.007 robots.) I have also come across several of the professors that White mentioned, which always has a way of making me feel important… In any case, MIT is known for being the breeding ground of the next big idea in science and engineering, but I thought that today I’d focus on a great idea by MIT Medical. The program is called “[emailprotected]” and it is a 12-week, team-oriented fitness challenge that is open to the entire MIT community. Teams are comprised of five to eight people, and teams compete based on the average number of minutes exercised each week. The first week’s goal was 150 minutes/week and it gradually increases to 300 minutes/week. Were now into the 5th week and the goal is 210 minutes. Teams that meet their weekly goals are entered into weekly drawings for prizes. Summer is just one (or two) blizzards away, so my friends and I decided that we should stop complaining about our laziness and actually do something about it. Our first challenge was to come up with a team name, we decided on “I Can’t Believe I Ate the Whole Thing.” Week 1’s competition was for the Best Team name, and we figured that we’d at least be in the top five. Sadly, our sense of humor didn’t align with the judges’. Out of the five finalists, the participants voted on the winner, which ended up being “Buns’n Burners.” I guess you can’t really go wrong with a nerdy name. The getfit website (http://getfit.mit.edu/) has a function where you can enter your minutes and see other teams’ results. Team Blatieshoe is in the lead; the group of figure skaters have clocked an average of 6,360 minutes per week (with 8 team members.) One team member reported exercising 1,270 minutes last week, that’s three hours a day, seven days a week! I’m also proud of the 5th place team, called “AXO Seniors,” who have an average of 3,980 minutes per week (with 8 team members.) They’re my sorority sisters, so I know that their minutes are legit =). (Thanks to Kim Shive for the extra info on Team Blatieshoe!) There are two things about this program that I think make it a good idea. The first is that you can see the minutes entered by your team members. So, you can hold team members accountable by sending emails like “Get to the gym!” and when that doesn’t work, “Get to the gym… seriously!” The second is that it’s team-based and encourages group exercise. My team has had a few (semi-embarrassing) basketball games (with very low scores), but at least we had fun and broke a sweat. In any case, hopefully you all will be inspired by MIT Medical’s idea and start a fitness team of your own. It’ll give you a much deserved break from integrals.

Healthcare Reform Implementation. A Single Mother Of A

Healthcare Reform Implementation A single mother of a toddler just learned that she is pregnant. She recently filed for divorce against her abusive husband who is a heroin addict and now she is pregnant with their second child. This twenty-something-year-old mother is left working a minimum wage job, has limited support from her family, and is going through nursing school in attempt to make a better life for herself and her children. She struggles to put food on the table much less pay for health care services for herself and her young child. This despairing mother was myself. Without government health care resources, such as the medical card, and the Women, Infant, Child (WIC) program I personally would not have been able to become the†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, these laws expanded government health insurance coverage to undeserved populations such as children and pregnant women (Nies McEwen, 2014). Opposing the Affordable Care Act were the thousands of uninsured Americans who were now going to be charged monetary penalties by the U.S. government for being uninsured. This also brought a large outcry from conservative political parties. Many middle class working individuals felt that their hard-earned taxpayer dollars should not be spent for those who live off the governmental welfare system. This expansion of coverage in their minds simply provided an extension of free health care coverage to more none-contributing taxpaying individuals. Healthcare Reform in My State Ohio homes a wide variety of financially secure and insecure populations. Per the U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.), Ohio claims a poverty rate of 14.8% and an average mean working income of $49,429 per year. With this statistic of poverty rate being less than a quarter, Ohio residents mostly consist of the working middle class. This means that most of the government assistant health care coverage known as Medicaid, is provided to cover those under the age of 18. Yet, the largest amount of costs is however disbursed to the elderly and those with disabilities rather then children who are covered through the plan (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014). Positive Outcomes Many positive outcomes have occurred with the implementation of health care reformShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Bolivia1826 Words   |  7 Pagesthe next couple of paragraphs I’m going to talk about poverty in Bolivia, and how it has caused an epidemic of malnutrition children, I’m then going to narrow the topic down by talking about Bolivia’s child mortality rates and healthcare system, and the problems with healthcare access, I’m going to talk about Bolivia’s lack of access to food security and sanitation, and lastly I’m going to talk about the benefits that the popularity of the Bolivian crop quinoa has had on Bolivian nutrition. 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The Lunar New Year Festival - 891 Words

Every year, people gather around to attend a traditional event that takes place only once a year and over the weekend. The Lunar New Year festival took place early February of 2016 and was open to the public in the fairgrounds in Costa Mesa. I was chosen as a volunteer as a cultural participant in the event and decided it was perfect opportunity to observe social behavior, since thousands of people gathered there. Being that I am Vietnamese and the festival was hosted by UVSA, an organization of Vietnamese students, I could assume that visitors would come up to me and possibly stereotype that I knew everything about my culture, given the fact that I also had to dress up in traditional costumes while volunteering. However, since it was a traditional cultural event, dressing outside the social norm inside the festival was considered normal. This meant that even though I would dress differently from others, mindlessness was less likely to occur since others would be dressed up as well. 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Assess Contribution of Ngos to the Community Free Essays

string(210) " the major problem facing the societies that means they are characterized with endless lack of the resources, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of the living standard \(Maccihato, 2009\)\." Introduction This chapter introduces the background of the problem, objective of the study, statement of the problem, research questions and significant of the study. 1. 0 Background of the Studies According to World bank, NGO’s are defined as private organizations that pursue activities to relieves suffering, promote the interest of the poor, protect the environment, provides basic social services, or undertake community developments( World Bank criteria defining NGO,2007). We will write a custom essay sample on Assess Contribution of Ngos to the Community or any similar topic only for you Order Now Historically, Non-Governmental Organization at international level have a history dating back to at least 1839. It have been estimated that by 1914 there were 1098 NGO’s. The international Ngo’s were important in the anti slavery movement and the movement of women suffrage, and reached peak at the time of world disarmament conference. Non Governmental Organization only comes into popular use with the establishment of United Nation Organization in 1994 with the provisions in the article 71 of chapter 10 of the United Nations chapter for consultative role of organizations which are neither government nor member state. Davis, 2007). The vital role of NGOs in sustainable development was recognized in the chapter 27 of agenda 21 in the UN conference, In the 20th century during the establishment of globalization the importance of NGO’s was recognized, where many problems could not be solved within a nation, Hence NGO’s have developed to emphasize Humanitarian issues, development aids and sustainable development (Howell, 2000). According to World Bank, There two purposes o f NGO are operational and advocacy . Operational is the primary purpose of NGO’s . Primary purpose of NGO’s to design the implementation of development related projects, Example Community Based Organization. The primary purpose of Advocacy NGO’s is to defend or promote a specific cause. As opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically try to raise awareness, acceptance and knowledge by lobbying press work and activist event (Wikipedia, 2011). Non Government Organization has been an engine towards improving the living standard of the people, since not all the problem could be solved within the nation tracing back the Tanzanian history, since 1961, Tanzania has been at war against three development enemies such as ignorance, poverty and diseases. However in 1996 the overall policy has included special forms of poverty reduction in additions to measures to sustain sound macro economic levels (URT, 2007). The progress of minimizing three enemies is mixed, towards achieving development of the community. Indicators in measuring development are range, others show sign of improvement, and others remain the same while others get worse. Many disparities still exist such as gap between the poor and rich, the bridge between urban and rural, female and male, able and disabled. It is also clear that children, youth, and the elderly and people with disabilities have their own problem especially poverty that all problems are felt at different extent in different parts of the country, Hence Low living standard is inevitable (chambers, 1983). One of the indicators of the standard of living is health. In 1990, the health situation in Tanzania was mixed. Diseases like tuberculosis among elderly, youth, youth and children increased, The availability of drugs were scarce, many people in rural areas were have to travel to distance for the health facilities and get many drugs were very expensive for the poor to afford. For stance 90% of the children’s’ deaths in local communities and some urban areas are due to preventable causes (National Strategy of Growth and Reduction of Poverty, 2005). Education is also among the major aspect of living standard of the community. Several tactics, programs, have been enrolled in the improvement of education situation in Tanzania. Despite the improvement of enrollment in education considerably in the last five years in 2004, as the results of primary education development Program(PESP), still many problems and challenges are inevitable, such as shortage of text books desks, chairs, teachers, latrines holes and teachers houses remarkably wanted in primary schools, especially in rural areas. Moreover the edges of poverty torn the education situation in Tanzania. in most student in Rural areas passes primary education but there were no room to accommodate them. Also, others lack school uniforms and tuition fees due to hardship of the economy that parents are facing. NSGRP, 2005). Living standard of Tanzanian and African at large depends on agriculture as the economy backborn. 45% of Agriculture contributes in the GDP and 60% of the of the export earnings in the year. Still the living standard of many people are low, since they produce for consumption and practice poor farming methods that result to low harvest (N SGRP,2005). Non Government Organizations play vital remarkable roles in improving the living standard of people among the local communities in Tanzania. NGO’s are involved in a very diverse range of human activities and human influence on the environment. These strata of societies they are involved at, children and youth, conflict resolution, education, health and nutrition, human rights and relief services. (Wikipedia, 2011). The effectiveness of Non government Organization in improving the living standard of people has been achieved at some extent. In a case of Moshono, in Arusha, the international organization called World Vision, Intervene in that society with efforts to eradicate poverty and bring about good living standard among the people in the society The intervention of WV in the Moshono ADP has brought positive impact toward the society. Through ADP many project such as water projects, education projects, environmental projects and agriculture projects(including livestock arming and beekeeping) are undertaken so as to solve socio-economic problems in Moshono, and hence improve their living standards at large extent. Before intervention World vision as any NGO, observe the political admistration of the area, population size, poverty, socio-economic available, commitment of the local leaders . World vision use sustainable livelihood approach ( Moshono ADP, 2007). 2. 0 Statement of the problem The effectiveness of NGOs in improving the living standard of local communities has brought a significance results to various communities towards poverty alleviation. Poverty is the major problem facing the societies that means they are characterized with endless lack of the resources, choices, security and power necessary for the enjoyment of the living standard (Maccihato, 2009). You read "Assess Contribution of Ngos to the Community" in category "Papers" The World Bank notes that â€Å"the incidence of poverty in the world is higher than past estimates have suggested that 1. 4 billion people live under poverty line. In Sub Saharan African Growth and Economic performances over the past two decade have been described in recent scholarly writings as â€Å"tragic† (The World Bank Economic review, 2000). There are various ways which will help to reduce and eradicate poverty improve the living standard of the people such as support provision of social services, example education, water, infrastructure mobilization of people for collective action such as development projects, provision of soft loans to individuals through Non Government Organizations, Particularly in the case of Moshono ADP under World Vision is concerned with the improvement f local community living standard through its various projects such as water supply project, primary school classrooms construction, health care projects, have been established to eradicate poverty in the area and the life of many have been improved (Moshono ADP, 2010). In this context there are various things which will be examined to measure effectiveness of NGO’s in improving the living standard of people. The crucial aspect will be identifying how NGO are supporting local community, where there are various measures done by NGO to contribute towards alleviation of poverty such as reduced illiteracy rate, improved farm fertility, improved supply of safe and clean water, improved health services, increased individual and household income. ( Moshono ADP, 2007). 3. 0 Objectives of Studies 3. 1 General Objective To assess the contribution of NGO in improving the living standard of the local communities. 3. 2 Specific Objectives 1. To identify how NGO’s are supporting community welfare. 2. To find out how the assistance provided to the local communities has positively affected their living condition. 3. Challenges that NGO’s face in improving the living standard of the people. 4. 0 Research Question 1. What support does NGO provided Moshono ADP? 2. To what extent does the Moshono ADP contributes in changing the living standard of local communities? 3. What are the problems faced by the NGO in improving the living standard of Moshono people at Moshono ADP? 5. Significance of the Study 1. The study will be resourcefully to the areas of development program as it will provide data and various relevant information and improving social and economic activities for sustainable development and effective intervention. 2. Also, the study will be instrumental to policy maker’s institution, economic planners and other NGOs with mission of improving the economic and social status of the local communities because it will act as a self evaluation instrument. CHAPTER TWO 6. 0 Literature review Introduction This chapter shows contribution of different authors and documents on the research topic. It emphasizes the views, theories principles and polices given out by individuals’ organizations, agencies, the government and group on the research topic. 6. 1 Theoretical Review Non Government Organization play a vital role to promote the living standard of the local communities, the major important of the NGO’s increases â€Å"social capital† by providing people with opportunities to build trust in each other and capacity to work together towards common goal. NGO’s promote pluralism, diversity, and tolerance in society while protecting and strengthening cultural ethics, religious, linguistic and other identities. Moreover, NGO’s advances science and thought develop culture and arts develop culture and arts, protect environment and support activities concerning civil societies, NGO’s is a facilitator of citizen through it advocacy and operational mission as classified with World Bank (ICE, 2002). NGO’s mainly are doing to encourage socio-economic development and the community at large in less developed countries particularly in Tanzania (UN human Development report, 2000). There are various indicators that an organization may be labeled an NGO if it ha four characteristics identified by the commonwealth foundation, a London based NGO group. These characteristics are the guidelines for the good practices of NGO’s. These characteristics includes Voluntary membership, independent and autonomy where NGO’s are independent within the laws of society and owned by the members and controlled by board elected from members, Non-for-profit, NGO’s are not for private personal gains, but NGO’s may involve in income generating activities for pursuing organization mission. Another indicator for the good performance NGO’s should not self-serving in aims and related value, The aims of NGO’s is to improve the circumstances and prospects of people and to act on concern on issues detrimental to wellbeing and peoples prosperity (Commonwealth Foundation, 1995). NGO’s have indirect and direct relationship in the content of poverty. This is because of the purposes of the NGO’s and their nature to fight against poverty. According to the president of the Egypt where he rgue that NGO’s have rendered a great efforts in poverty eradication not only in Egypt but also in sub Saharan nations, He further stated â€Å"There can be hope only for society which act as one big family and not as many separate one† ( Sadat 1981). NGO’s provides humanitarian aids example food during natural calamities all over the world, protects children and youth, conflict resolution, education, environmental, human rights, relief services (Wik ipedia,2010). In the context of poverty an NGO, example World Vision a case of Moshono ADP, this organization has rendered great significant efforts in improving the living standard of Moshono people through the provision of clean and safe water, improve health situation, cars for orphans, Build classrooms and hospitals, this contributes a lot to poverty alleviation. (Moshono ADP). Standard of Living is a level of material comfort that an individual or group aspires to or may achieve. Standard of living is measured by various indicators, Example life expectance, access to nutrition foods, safe and clean water supply, and availability of medical assistances. (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, 2000). 6. 2 Empirical Review According to Anup (2001) in his research on â€Å"poverty facts and stats on Global issues†22,000 children die each day die to poverty and they die quietly in some of the poorest villages on earth, far removed from the scrutiny and the concise of the world. Being weak and weak in life make this dying multitudes even more invisible in death. Around 27-28 percent of all children in developing countries are estimated to be underweight or stunned. The two regions that accounts for deficit are South Asia and Sub –Saharan African. If the current trends continue the millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) target having the proportional of underweight children will be mused by 30 million children. Largely because or low progress in Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. According to Sachs(2005) ,UN project on the research â€Å"Ending African’s poverty trap†, The thirty three Sub- Saharan countries on which this study focuses had a combine population of 617 million in 2001 with the population heightened average annual income of $271 per person or a mere 74 percent a day. Every county in Sub-Saharan is a low income country according to world bank country classification, At least only four countries (Angola, Cameroon, and Congo) with income per capital $500 because their oil exporters and only cote d’ ivory which is currently vertiginous political nd economic crisis, is a non oil exporter. Sub-Sahara countries have a life expectancy at birth below 60 years and in all but Ghana. Madagascar and Sudan life expectancy at birth is below 55 years. Child mortality rates (Death before the age of five (5) per 1000 live births) are above in every Sub-Saharan countries. According to (Mbelle, 2003) in their research on poverty alleviation (sc hool enrollment performances and access to education in Tanzania) the decision to invest in education is guided by cost benefit consideration. At the Micro level the question whether education contributes to economic growth and how this contribution of physical capital becomes a paramount importance. Demand fof education by individual and household needs to be sustained at high level if access is to improve. This can be achieved through empowering individuals and households economically. Maintaining macro economic stability and perusing pro-poor expenditure are keys in reducing the general level of raising the level of demand for education at both individual and household level. The gap is identified on where the NGO’s operating in local communities found to face various problems that can possibly hinder their efficiency and effectiveness in supporting local development. It is doubtful, however other studies shows that the NGO’s have a lot to contributes in eradicating poverty, in local communities. Basing on such theoretical contradiction makes the need to go through findings and analyzing the facts on the extent to which NGO’s have been supportive agent to the local are as development and eradicating poverty in the area they operates. CHAPTER THREE 7. Research methodology 7. 1 Research Design Is the logic that link the data to be collected (and the conclusion to be drawn) to the initial question of a study. Research design addresses the planning of scientific enquiry that is, designing a strategy for finding out something (Kothari, 2004). The descriptive study will be employed to portray accurate information since the research is conce rned with issues related to social development studies. 2. Description of the Study Area. This study will be done in Arusha Region with a case study of Moshono ADP in Arumeru district council. The economic activities in Moshono ADP are mainly farming and livestock. This is the sample for the Non governmental Organizations in assessing their effectiveness in improving the living standard of the local communities in Tanzania. Therefore, From Moshono ADP enough information can be accumulated which will represent the whole population.. 7. 3 Data Collection The data will be collected by using different instrument/methods. There will be both primary and secondary data collection (document review) primary information shall be collected by using interviews, questionnaires and observations. 1. Type of Data. Both primary and secondary data will be collected from the field. Where by the primary data will be obtained from respondent directly though questionnaire and interviews as well as observation while Secondary data will be obtained from documents that contains relevant information about the study. 2. Sources of Data. Both primary and secondary data will be used as sources of data in this study. 7. 3. 2. 1 Primary Data These are new data which will be gathered to help solving the problem at hand the researcher will collect primary data from selected respondents from different groups in the entire community. Interviews, questionnaire and observation will be used to obtain primary data at Moshono ADP. 7. 3. 2. 2 Secondary Data These are data that has already existed some where; this involves reviewing of literature and documentation, document such as livelihood, gender, poverty, and social services journals and reports for the purpose of findings tangible information about the issues of living standard of local community in Tanzania and suggests possible solution for that problem. 3. Techniques of Data Collection The following techniques will be applied in this study 7. 3. 3. 1 Interview, This method will involve the prepared questions that a researcher administers through face to face interrogations with respondents. The researcher shall record all conversation in the interview. 7. 3. 3. 2 Questionnaire This popular method will be employed for data collection. Questionnaire will be open and closed. The researcher should use this tool to the key respondents like Moshono ADP Staffs, Community Leader and Community Member. 7. 3. 3. 3 Observation The resercher will use this technique of data collection. The researcher shall directly ask questions to the respondents and make physical observation of the environment. Through observation the researcher will be able to observe some of the causes, effects and measures taken by different stakeholders towards solving this problem in the study areas. 3. Sampling. Sampling is a part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of an unbiased or random subset of individual intended to yield some knowledge about population. Sample type which will be used is descriptive random sampling in order to give an equal chance to every selected sample element. Under this sampling both probability and non-probability method will be used. 1. Sampling Frame/Population Sampling frame is a list which consists of all sample units. Sample frame consist of a list of items from which sample is drown (Kothari. R, 2003) generally sample frame consist of name of respondents, total number of respondents and the sample size in percentage. Sample frame, therefore the total sample size will be 50 respondents from this units sample size will be (6) Moshono ADP staff, (2) WEOs (4) VEOs, (20) Community members (6) Teachers (6) Health worker (6) P/school student 2. Sample Size The sample will be drawn from 14 wards of Moshono division in which Moshono ADP operate the researcher select three ward randomly namely Moshono, Mlangarini and Bwawani. The sample size will be 50 respondents from different level on the community. The category and numbers of respondents who will be interviewed in this research is shown in the table 1, below. Table 1. Sample Size Distribution NO |CATEGORY |NUMBEROF RESPONDENTS |PARCENTAGES (%) | | |OF RESPONDENTS | | | |1 |WEOs |2 |4 | |2 |VEOs |4 |8 | |3 |Community Members |20 |40 | |4 |Teachers |6 |12 | |5 |Health worker |6 |12 | |6 |ADP staff |6 |12 | |6 |P/School students |6 |12 | | |TOTAL |50 |100 | Source: Researcher’s own manipulation 7. 4. 3 Sampling Techniques In order to collect and acquire enough data and information from different respondents the researcher will use various techniques to capture enough information from the respondents. The researcher will use a purposive technique of sampling though random sampling technique. 5. Data Analysis Techniques The researcher will use the different techniques to analysis and manage the data such as quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques . Also the data will be presented by using of matrices, percentages, and flow diagrams. Reference: Anidah Maccahato (2001) Book in Research Relevance Poverty. )University of Mandanao. Chamber (1983) Rural Development Putting the last first, Longman Inc. New york Chronic Poverty Report (2005) [http://www. chronicpoverty. rg/page/vulnerability-cprc-s-work] Commonwealth foundation (1995), Non Governmental Organization, Guidelines for Good policy and practice [www. peacecorpsvolonteers. org. com] Community Development Journal an Inter. Form VOL. 31 (2002) [www. undp. org] Davies, Thomas Richard (2007). The Possibilities of Transnational Activism: the Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars. ISBN  978 9004162 58 7, [Http://enwikipedia. org/wiki/non-governmentorgarnization. au] Jude, Howell and Jenny Peace (2000) new roles and relevance; Develop NGO’s and the challenges. Kumarian Press Kothari C. R (2004), Research Methodology, Methods and techniques 2nd edition, New Age International publication. Moshono ADP, Annual Reports, 2006. NSRGP, (July, 2005)Growing out of poverty By Haki Kazi and Catalyst, Tanzania. Nepal National Development Report on poverty alleviation (2004) [www. nepal. gvt. nd] Research on poverty Alleviation. Amon Mbelle and Jovieter Katoboro (2003) [www. repoa. or. tz] Shah Anup(2001) Poverty Facts and Study on Global Issues. UN, Human Development Report (2000) www. undp. org UN Project Research on Ending African Poverty Trap. Jeffrey . D. Sachs (2005) URT 2002, Tanzania Census Report World Bank Economic Review (2000). Volume 14, Number 3. World Bank Report on Poverty (1997) [www. wb. org] World vision (2004), Evaluation report of Moshono ADP [www. world vision. org] How to cite Assess Contribution of Ngos to the Community, Papers

King Lear Essay Thesis Example For Students

King Lear Essay Thesis King Lear: topic #2, revision. Matt Diggs IIILear: Be your tears wet? Yes faith, I pray weep not. If you have poison for me, I will drink it. I know you do not love me; for your sisters Have (as I do remember) done me wrong. You have some cause, they have not. Cordelia: No cause, no cause.In Shakespeares King Lear the character Cordelia is disowned and denied dowry because she is unable to bring herself to flatter her father. This honesty is taken as insult by Lear in the opening act of the play, and he renounces the princess in a fit of rage. Yet when his other, more glib and oily (I.i. 224) daughters have ruined him, it is faithful Cordelia who comforts him. While she has the greatest reason to act against Lear, she claims she has No cause,(IV,iv,74) to do so. What is it within Cordelias soul that manifests good in the face of evil? What qualities make her the plays most virtuous character? Because she is not actually present during the majority of the play, it is difficult to obtain an accurate psychological picture of Cordelia. BUT HER WORDS AND ACTIONS, HOWEVER SPARSE, DEFINE CORDELIA AS HONEST, SELFLESS AND COURAGEOUS. It is these qualities that display Cordelias clear comprehension of the duties implicit in the father-daughter and k ing-subject bond. Part of Cordelias moral integrity lies in her bluntness, and while Lears daughter does seem tactless in her first appearance, saying, Unhappy that I am, I cannot heaveMy heart into my mouth. I love your MajestyAccording to my bond, no more nor less, (I.i.91-93) it is this honesty that contrast her to her sisters. In Lear, the long diatribes of compliment often belong to the most vile of characters, but not so with Cordelia. Her love is boundless, but not expressible through flattery. Though she makes little effort to elucidate her simple words, her bond is substantial, having been Begot, bred and loved,(I,i,96) by her father. Cordelia speaks in her explanation of performing her duties as she sees right fit.(I,i,97) Acting with such perfect purpose defines the princess as possibly the only absolutely righteous character in the play. But apart from merely confronting the possibility of losing her fortunes, she accepts her kings decision with silence. She knows the consequences of her a ctions, yet does not stray from her ethical duties. Cordelias reverence for Lear does not blur her comprehension of his folly. Because she appears incapable of altering the truth, she does admit that her father is blinded by his ungoverned rage,(IV,iv,19) and is mistaken in his actions. She does not, however, risk the disgrace of Lear by speaking of these things in his presence.Far from contradicting her honesty, this furthers her ideal of honoring her king.Moreover, her speech is not so tame to those to whom she has no paternal bond. Indeed, sweet is the rose and sharp is the thorn. She freely tells of her sisters faults as they are named.(I,i,271) The mildness of her declaration of love was an attempt to reveal her sisters as exaggerated. At no point in the play does Cordelia appear to have any concern for her own advancement. She ignores countless opportunities to gain fortune and recognition. From denying herself the best dowery to marshaling troops for her fathers defense, Cord elia does not act in her own interest at any point. When she states, My mourning, and importuned tears hath pitied. No blown ambition doth our arms inciteBut love, dear love, and our aged fathers right. .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 , .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 .postImageUrl , .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 , .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4:hover , .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4:visited , .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4:active { border:0!important; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4:active , .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4 .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4be3115dbd30fd52118664bb49a267d4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Women And Sexism EssaySoon may I hear and see him, (IV,iv, 22-9)she seems hardly conscious of the magnitude of her sacrifice. She even denies herself the retribution her father has earned so well. This selflessness is not as much a series of actions by Cordelia as it is a way of life. There is never a point at which she admits to any indecision as to her proper course, and she attains a kind of predictability. Like a savior, her sacrifice benefits others, and her work is solely for her Poor perdu. (IV,iv,35)A large part of the princesss charity is her unwillingness to recognize herself for what she is. The viewer receives the strong impression that she is unconscious

300 - a Gender Analysis free essay sample

Gender The film industry has created the conventional gender roles of society into their movies; A majority of films have supported some of the male and female stereotypes. In the history of the film industry, the role of men is primarilythat of the stereotypical working class man or hero, while the roles of women are primarily portrayed as being somewhat inferior to men. In the 1930s through the 1970s, men held the leading roles in films while women played smaller roles. Men were typically employed, successful gentlemen, while the woman’s only job was a housewife. The film industry was mostly dominated by men. In terms of jobs, women were given mostly family roles and rarely were shown outside of their homes, while men had successful careers and did many activities outside of home. â€Å"Women were shown doing housework and men were the beneficiaries of their work† (â€Å"Women’s roles in the film industry† Women in film). We will write a custom essay sample on 300 a Gender Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As women were given a more active role in society, the gender roles in movies changed. However, many types of gender stereotypes in films still exist. Action genre movies in particular account for many of the gender stereotypes in the film industry today. Men are typically portrayed to be the hero, while women are often portrayed as sexual objects. In the movie 300, the Spartan men served and protected the city of Sparta, while the Spartan women did domestic chores and bred more warriors. Because this movie was set back in 480 BC society portrayed men to be superior to women. Some of the main characters in 300 are prime examples for the different gender roles. King Leonidas is the proud, triumphant King of Sparta. In the film, the character Leonidas possesed as a couple different male stereotypes. King Leonidas is portrayed as the hero throughout the different action sequences. Throughout the movie Leonidas takes charge of his troops and leads them into battle. Leonidas is hero not only because he is the King of Sparta, but also because he is the commander of the troops. Before King Leonidas leaves for battle with his three-hundred Spartans, he confronts his wife and refrains from saying â€Å"My queen, my life, my love,† because he, like all other Spartans, is not soft and does not want to show emotion to his queen (Zack Snyder. 00). The narrator speaks of how Spartan men are raised like brutes and are â€Å"hard warriors† (Zack Snyder. 300). This particular phrase is important to the story because it reflects the gender role of men during that time period. King Leonidas can also be classified as the family man stereotype. Throughout the film he trains his young son for battle. He plays the role of protector not only for his individual family, but also for Spart a. In the movie 300, King Leonidas represents many male stereotypes. In contrast, the character Queen Gorgo stands for many female stereotypes in the movie. The queen portrays the domestic female stereotype. In the film Queen Gorgo cares for her young son and stays at home while her husband, King Leonidas, is fighting for their country. Like many of the women in the film, Queen Gorgo performs many domestic tasks such as retrieving food and water for her family, as well as looking after her child. Queen Gorgo is also a sex object. She is easily seduced by her King. She bribesone of the councilmen with sex. At times in the film the Queen, among many other women, wear little clothing. The 300 Spartans also wear little clothing in the film. Due to the lack of clothing, the Spartans show their ripped and brute physique to reinforce the male stereotype of being brawny and strong. Lastly, the queen represents the female stereotype of beauty. The queen is an attractive woman with a small frame, much like how the media portrays what a woman should look like. Her attractive looks and sexual qualities are a large part of Queen Gorgo’s character. Queen Gorgo represents an abundance of the female stereotypes in society. The captain of the Spartan troops also shows male stereotypes. The captain is a close ally of King Leonidas. Throughout the film, the captain portrays the male stereotype of being a family man. The captain’s son, Astinos, is barely old enough to be in battle with the Persians. The captain is skeptical of allowing his son to enter battle, but decides to encourage him to serve their country. Throughout the different battles with the Persians, the captain protects his son from harm. When Astinos is killed by Persians, the captain goes on an extremely violent tirade and kills every Persian in sight due to his overpowering vengeance. After the death of his son, the captain proclaims to the king that his heart is filled with hate, and King Leonidas replies â€Å"Good. † King Leonidas feels that it is necessary for a soldier to feel hatred toward his enemies. This particular scene portrays another male characteristic of not showing emotion towards a certain subject. The captain is another character that shows the male stereotype present in this film. Although many of the characters in the movie portray the prevalent male and female stereotypes in society, there are a few characters that stray away from these social formalities. Councilman Theron is an example of one of the characters that does not abide to the brute and warrior stereotypes in the film 300. Theron is no older than the Spartan men who fight for their city, but he lacks the physical strength that the Spartan warriors possess. Because Theron is not a typical man in Sparta, he wears a gown that is similar to the gowns worn by Spartan women. Along with Councilman Theron, there are other men that are on the council of Sparta. These men are far less in physical size than the Spartan warrior and are given duties that are similar to women. The men in the council are unique to the majority of men in Sparta that serve their city. Since the men wear â€Å"woman-like† clothing, it labels women’s apparel to be very revealing. These men reinforce some of the women stereotypes prevalent in the film. There are also some specific scenes in the movie that break some of the male and female stereotypes. Directly after Astinos is killed in battle, the Captain begins to break down and cry. The captain immediately showed his emotion for the loss of his son. This scene in the movie shows how even the most masculine man has to show some emotion at some point in time. In the end of the battle against the Persians, after King Leonidas has been shot by many arrows, he stands up and shouts, â€Å"My queen, my life, my love† (Zack Snyder. 300). This phrase is contradictory to the general actions of Spartans, and men in general, because it shows emotion. Both of these sequences in the film show how every man must show emotion, regardless of who they are. 300 demonstrated the many male and female stereotypes in society. Although most of the men were relatively similar, there were a few men in Sparta who went against the normal gender role. Like many other action movies, 300 showed various roles that supported some of the gender roles in the film industry. The main characters primarily demonstrated the conventional gender roles, but they also expressed some contradictory qualities. The film industry provides arious different types of gender roles through movies. advertising. Home | Saint Marys College, Notre Dame, IN. 20 Apr. 2009 lt; http://www. diigo. com/05lfx Women in Film. Yahoo! GeoCities: Get a free web site with easy-to-use site building tools. 20 Apr. 2009 lt; http://www. diigo. com/05lfw 300 Movie Spartans. Mens Movie Guide. 20 Apr. 2009 lt; http://www. diigo. com/05lfv 300 (Widescreen Single Disc Edition). Dir. Zack Snyd er. Perf. Gerard Butler, Lena Headey. DVD. Warner Bros. Pictures Distribution, Warner Bros. Pictures International, 2006.

Essay on Critical Thinking

Essay on Critical Thinking Essay on Critical Thinking Essay on Critical ThinkingThe transition from adolescence to early adulthood takes place between 18 and 25 years old (Santrock, 2013). The signs of transition into early adulthood are largely related to ones behavioral characteristics and actions than associated with physical development. Officially, the U.S. citizens are considered adult when they reach the age of 18; upon reaching this age, most U.S. citizens (depending on the state laws) receive the right to work legally, to vote, to marry, to sign contracts, to join the military etc (Fingerman, 2011). Some rights such as purchasing alcohol are however limited by the minimal age of 21 (Fingerman, 2011). At the same time, not all individuals who reached 18 years, possess the characteristics of a young adult.The typical markers of the transition from adolescence to adulthood are economic independence, having a more or less full-time (permanent) job, being able to take responsibility for oneself and such life decisions as marriage, g iving birth to children, etc (Santrock, 2013). Among these developmental markets, the most significant marker is the presence of a more or less permanent job.Therefore, the first girl is not actually right that she should be considered an adolescent basing only on the fact that she was 18 years old. Nothing specific is known about other developmental markers of the first girl, but since she did not demonstrate a willingness to refer to herself as an adult and did not think beyond the limits of age, it is reasonable to classify her as an adolescent. As for the second girl, she is most likely in the stage of early adulthood since she states she pays her own way through college; assuming that she does it using her own earnings, it is reasonable to conclude that she has a more or less permanent job and that she is economically independent or is close to economic independence.John Gottman identified seven principles for making marriage work: 1) enhance your love maps; 2) nurture your fon dness and admiration; 3) turn toward each other instead of away; 4) let your partner influence you; 5) solve your solvable problems; 6) overcome gridlock; and 7) create shared meaning (Santrock, 2013). Basing on these principles, it is possible to develop recommendations for couples planning to marry in order to improve their marital satisfaction and reduce the probability of divorce. These recommendations are the following.Research and write down the preferences of your partner and ask him or her to do the same. It might also be helpful to play questions ask the partner a question about himself or herself and provide an own answer to this question, and then to exchange roles.In the end of every day, recall at least five good things that your partner made to you or positive traits that he or she demonstrated and write them down. It is also beneficial to write at least three thank you to the partner for these actions or traits.Prepare a plan for a week that would include one unusual expression of love and affection for your partner and follow it. These actions can be repeated whenever it is needed.When it is necessary to make a choice or a decision, ask your partner about his or her choice and feelings, discuss yours and work out a shared decision.Identify situational problems that exist between you and your partner, and address them using the following sequence of steps (Cavanaugh Blanchard-Fields, 2014): initiate the conversation in a neutral tone (without negative emotions), deescalate tension associated with the situation, soothe yourself and your partner by taking a break, relaxing or using other ways, reach a compromise and accept the partners flaws or shortcomings.If there is a feeling of dissatisfaction or gridlock in relationships, identify the dreams or wishes that are causing this feeling and choose a time to discuss this question with your partner.Identify activities and values that are shared between you and your partner, and create family ritual s and traditions nurturing these values. For example, this might be going together to church, organizing family meetings or creating a tradition for spending a weekend or a weekday in a specific way. Essay on Critical Thinking Essay on Critical Thinking Essay on Critical ThinkingThe transition from adolescence to early adulthood takes place between 18 and 25 years old (Santrock, 2013). The signs of transition into early adulthood are largely related to ones behavioral characteristics and actions than associated with physical development. Officially, the U.S. citizens are considered adult when they reach the age of 18; upon reaching this age, most U.S. citizens (depending on the state laws) receive the right to work legally, to vote, to marry, to sign contracts, to join the military etc (Fingerman, 2011). Some rights such as purchasing alcohol are however limited by the minimal age of 21 (Fingerman, 2011). At the same time, not all individuals who reached 18 years, possess the characteristics of a young adult.The typical markers of the transition from adolescence to adulthood are economic independence, having a more or less full-time (permanent) job, being able to take responsibility for oneself and such life decisions as marriage, g iving birth to children, etc (Santrock, 2013). Among these developmental markets, the most significant marker is the presence of a more or less permanent job.Therefore, the first girl is not actually right that she should be considered an adolescent basing only on the fact that she was 18 years old. Nothing specific is known about other developmental markers of the first girl, but since she did not demonstrate a willingness to refer to herself as an adult and did not think beyond the limits of age, it is reasonable to classify her as an adolescent. As for the second girl, she is most likely in the stage of early adulthood since she states she pays her own way through college; assuming that she does it using her own earnings, it is reasonable to conclude that she has a more or less permanent job and that she is economically independent or is close to economic independence.John Gottman identified seven principles for making marriage work: 1) enhance your love maps; 2) nurture your fon dness and admiration; 3) turn toward each other instead of away; 4) let your partner influence you; 5) solve your solvable problems; 6) overcome gridlock; and 7) create shared meaning (Santrock, 2013). Basing on these principles, it is possible to develop recommendations for couples planning to marry in order to improve their marital satisfaction and reduce the probability of divorce. These recommendations are the following.Research and write down the preferences of your partner and ask him or her to do the same. It might also be helpful to play questions ask the partner a question about himself or herself and provide an own answer to this question, and then to exchange roles.In the end of every day, recall at least five good things that your partner made to you or positive traits that he or she demonstrated and write them down. It is also beneficial to write at least three thank you to the partner for these actions or traits.Prepare a plan for a week that would include one unusual expression of love and affection for your partner and follow it. These actions can be repeated whenever it is needed.When it is necessary to make a choice or a decision, ask your partner about his or her choice and feelings, discuss yours and work out a shared decision.Identify situational problems that exist between you and your partner, and address them using the following sequence of steps (Cavanaugh Blanchard-Fields, 2014): initiate the conversation in a neutral tone (without negative emotions), deescalate tension associated with the situation, soothe yourself and your partner by taking a break, relaxing or using other ways, reach a compromise and accept the partners flaws or shortcomings.If there is a feeling of dissatisfaction or gridlock in relationships, identify the dreams or wishes that are causing this feeling and choose a time to discuss this question with your partner.Identify activities and values that are shared between you and your partner, and create family ritual s and traditions nurturing these values. For example, this might be going together to church, organizing family meetings or creating a tradition for spending a weekend or a weekday in a specific way. Essay on Critical Thinking Essay on Critical Thinking Essay on Critical ThinkingThe transition from adolescence to early adulthood takes place between 18 and 25 years old (Santrock, 2013). The signs of transition into early adulthood are largely related to ones behavioral characteristics and actions than associated with physical development. Officially, the U.S. citizens are considered adult when they reach the age of 18; upon reaching this age, most U.S. citizens (depending on the state laws) receive the right to work legally, to vote, to marry, to sign contracts, to join the military etc (Fingerman, 2011). Some rights such as purchasing alcohol are however limited by the minimal age of 21 (Fingerman, 2011). At the same time, not all individuals who reached 18 years, possess the characteristics of a young adult.The typical markers of the transition from adolescence to adulthood are economic independence, having a more or less full-time (permanent) job, being able to take responsibility for oneself and such life decisions as marriage, g iving birth to children, etc (Santrock, 2013). Among these developmental markets, the most significant marker is the presence of a more or less permanent job.Therefore, the first girl is not actually right that she should be considered an adolescent basing only on the fact that she was 18 years old. Nothing specific is known about other developmental markers of the first girl, but since she did not demonstrate a willingness to refer to herself as an adult and did not think beyond the limits of age, it is reasonable to classify her as an adolescent. As for the second girl, she is most likely in the stage of early adulthood since she states she pays her own way through college; assuming that she does it using her own earnings, it is reasonable to conclude that she has a more or less permanent job and that she is economically independent or is close to economic independence.John Gottman identified seven principles for making marriage work: 1) enhance your love maps; 2) nurture your fon dness and admiration; 3) turn toward each other instead of away; 4) let your partner influence you; 5) solve your solvable problems; 6) overcome gridlock; and 7) create shared meaning (Santrock, 2013). Basing on these principles, it is possible to develop recommendations for couples planning to marry in order to improve their marital satisfaction and reduce the probability of divorce. These recommendations are the following.Research and write down the preferences of your partner and ask him or her to do the same. It might also be helpful to play questions ask the partner a question about himself or herself and provide an own answer to this question, and then to exchange roles.In the end of every day, recall at least five good things that your partner made to you or positive traits that he or she demonstrated and write them down. It is also beneficial to write at least three thank you to the partner for these actions or traits.Prepare a plan for a week that would include one unusual expression of love and affection for your partner and follow it. These actions can be repeated whenever it is needed.When it is necessary to make a choice or a decision, ask your partner about his or her choice and feelings, discuss yours and work out a shared decision.Identify situational problems that exist between you and your partner, and address them using the following sequence of steps (Cavanaugh Blanchard-Fields, 2014): initiate the conversation in a neutral tone (without negative emotions), deescalate tension associated with the situation, soothe yourself and your partner by taking a break, relaxing or using other ways, reach a compromise and accept the partners flaws or shortcomings.If there is a feeling of dissatisfaction or gridlock in relationships, identify the dreams or wishes that are causing this feeling and choose a time to discuss this question with your partner.Identify activities and values that are shared between you and your partner, and create family ritual s and traditions nurturing these values. For example, this might be going together to church, organizing family meetings or creating a tradition for spending a weekend or a weekday in a specific way.

Gallery review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Gallery review - Essay Example They bring about a sense of sexuality and romance. This exhibit is different from the others in the sense that it is catchy and controversial at the same time. Different people might interpret the pictures differently, but what really matters is the fact that; the pictures are an excellent piece of artwork (Barrett, 2003). Various aspects of the pictures are of interest to me, and call for further research. Students who viewed pictures in gallery two had different interpretations, which prompted a deeper insight of their meaning. Eye movement through the pictures was swift. I skimmed through the pictures to try and get an exclusive interpretation of their meaning. The picture’s visual attraction was of much interest than trying to understand what the artist had accomplished. The arrangement of the pictures below illustrates that eye movement was triggered by visual impression. After skimming through the pictures, I had a slight idea of what the artist was trying to communicate. My attention was drawn by the nudity of the last image. My eye movement around this image was in a circular motion. I scanned through this image to acquire some knowledge on why the artist thought of posting it (Barrett, 2000). The colours in the pictures enhanced their interpretation. A sexual aura and a sense of romance could not have been portrayed without the bright colours. The bright colours were an indication of a seamless compatibility between the pictures. These colours create an intimacy and energy that remained present in the images. The images from this gallery have a hidden meaning. They all involve a woman, which tries to bring out the idea of her lifestyle. The seamless documentary-style images try to bring about a sense of addiction and sex. The images might also tend to expose the preoccupations and interest of the artist and his subjects. Observing the pictures triggers the brain to teeter between realism and expanded ideas of the

Personal Statement for International commercial and business law

For International commercial and business law - Personal Statement Example By studying business law I have come to understand that the legitimate system of a nation is closely linked to its social, political and cultural customs and to its complete financial condition. In exact, the skills in business Law that I studied at the university is a field that is aimed at regulating the global monetary associations; it comprises international community law, global private law and the public laws of diverse nations. It is my belief that the greatest technique of applying these skills of this this topic well is by getting me into the other nations globally with the aim of experiencing and being acquainted with the precise legitimate systems. When pursuing my undergraduate program at the University, the institution allowed me to learn all the elementary courses of business law in a systematic manner; I was thus able to become exposed to fundamental groups of specific laws. However, among these classes, my most favorite was business law. This enabled me to receive a series of awards and as well as scholarships, this was a significance of how I exceled in my academic works. In 2009, due to the excellent school performance, I managed to qualify on a trip that was very educative and that where i attained the vast experience that I have today, I was selected as one of the five students to go to Korea to present my university in a course program. On this trip we spend a full month whereby I managed to work together and bond with law students internationally, the most fundamental courses that I studied at the program in Korea entailed, Global Financial Law, Overview of American law, and WTO and China. These lectures were mostly given my professors who were form the United States. I did not only manage to attain high marks for these courses. On the other hand, I managed to adapt myself to the different styles of education that

Evaluation of Turkeys Energy Consumption and Resources

Evaluation of Turkeys Energy Consumption and Resources 4. Energy and Environmental outlook of Turkey Energy is accepted as a most important factor in economic development. On the other hand environmental impacts of industrial and economical development becomes more evident in recent years. In order to mitigate the environmental effects of industrial and economical development is to take long term solutions for sustainable development. Therefore, this chapter explains the main characteristics of Turkey’s general energy outlook and environmental indicators. It starts begin to lay out the diversity of Turkey’s conventional energy resources and level of energy consumption (oil, coal, natural gas, etc) including electricity production and consumption. In the second part it analyses environmental impacts of industrial and economical development. Finally, in the third part it examines the  renewable energy sources and consumption (wind energy, Hydropower, Biomass, etc) which are used to replace the conventional energy resources to lower the Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) a nd establish sustainable development within Turkey. 4.1 Conventional Energy sources  and consumption of Turkey Large increase in energy demand is observed particularly for electricity and natural gas in Turkey. In 2002 %48 of total energy demand of Turkey is supplied by domestic production. Total energy demand will hit 308 one million tone of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2020. Energy import will hit 226 Mtoe and domestic production will reach 81 Mtoe in 2020 (Ogulata, 2002). Turkey’s five main energy sources are oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric and renewable energy sources. Also In 2006 Turkey’s total electric production reached 175.5 milliards kWh and energy demand reached 174 milliards kWh. In this period product of electrical power acquired from natural gas (%44), from hydraulic (%25,1), from lignite (%18,4), from imported coal (%6,3), from fuel oil (%3), from pit coal (%1,6) and from naphtha (%1,1) (Soyhan, 2009). As the data lays out Turkey main energy sources are conventional energy sources like oil, coal and natural gas. And regarding Turkey’s fossil fuel reserves, which total 254 Mtoe, Turkey will continue import energy in the years ahead. It is also important to emphasize that the main distinctive property of Turkish Economy is that (Gross National Product-GNP) per capita and energy use per capita both increased 2 percent per annum (Jobert et al, 2007).  While the economy continues to develop, energy demand increase simultaneously, particularly which are produced from fossil fuels. 4.1.1 Oil Oil is the main source of energy in Turkey. In 2008 Turkey’s domestic crude oil potential was 37,3 million ton/6,72 billion barrel according to Ministry of Energy and Natural resources of Turkey’s data. Turkeys oil consumption has continued to increase and hit the amount of 690 thousand barrel per day in 2007 and surpass domestic production levels. In 2007, Russia is  Turkeys top supplier of oil. Also Iran is Turkeys second largest crude oil provider.  (United States Energy Information Administration(EIA), 2009 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Turkey/Oil.html). Table1 As demonstrated in Table 1, the gap between Turkey’s oil production and consumption was getting larger between 1990 and 2004.  Oil has the main share of %44 in total energy consumption. Despite of the target of reducing the dependance on oil lower than 40% in 10 years, new investment on oil research is very essential.  Turkey’s Petrol’s and Anonym Association (TPAO) is undertakin oil researchs in Turkey,  in addition the surrounding areas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.2 Natural Gas According to diversification attempts of energy sources, natural gas was newly introduced to Turkish Economy. Since 1970 natural gas contribution in energy production was increased from 0% to 20,6%. Also in 2006 %44 of electric production came from natural gas. Turkey’s natural gas resources are limited so domestic production capacity in total consumtion is 3%. In 2005 total natural gas consumtion hit 27 milliard m3. In order to close the gap between demand and production Turkey began to import natural gas from Soviet Union in 1985.  At the present Natural gas is mainly used to produce electric power. 17% of natural gas is consumed in factories as energy source and 15% is consumed in housing. In 2005 Turkey was the 7th biggest consumer in Europe. In 2020 Turkey will consume 50 billion m3 natural gas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.3 Coal Turkey has large reserves of coal, especially of lignite. The lignite reserves are 8.0 billion tons. The total forecasted coal  reserves are 30 billion tons (Kaygusuz, 2002). Coal is one of the primary enery source by %24 of the total sorces of the country.  Coal is used primarly for power production, cement production and in steel industry.  The Turkish government intends to increase the coal supply from 20.1 Mtoe in 1999 to 118.4 Mtoe in 2020 (Soyhan, 2009). 4.1.4. Electricity Electricity is also major energy source for industry and home usage by itself.  The energy sources that are used to generate electricity can be renewable or conventional (non-renewable like coal, oil and natural gas). But electricity is mostly generated by conventional energy sources in Turkey so it is worth to mention in this chapter. Electricity production from domestic resources is about 40% at present and will decrease to 20% by the year 2020. So remaining electricity supply for the year 2020 must be ensured by imported resources. By 2020 68% of electricity demand will be met by coal, oil and natural gas. (Salvarli, 2006) Turkey may cover the extra-required energy from of hydroelectric, natural gas and renewable sources. If all hydroelectric power used, maximum production would hit 128 milliard kWh. If all of the coal sources would be consumed it is possible to produce 120 milliard kWh electricity, with all natural gas sources the electric production may hit  335 milliard kWh. None of the plans that are mentioned can cover the electric demand for 2020, sot Turkey would import extra electricity demand from abroad (Soyhan, 2009). 4.2 Environmental impacts of Industrial and Economical Development 2008 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) produced  by the World Economic Forum ranks Turkey 72nd out of 149 countries. Additional to EPI, Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) puts Turkey in a 62th place among 235 countries (Baykan, 2009). On the other hand when we look at the CO2 emisions, Turkey’s CO2 emissions were at 2.87 tons in 2003, far lower than the OECD average of 11.08 tons and also Turkey’s share in world emissions was 0.81% (Akbostanci et al, 2009). Although Turkey’s contribution to CO2 emissions quite low, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, coupled with increasing population cause a big pressure on Turkey’s environmental structure and cause to increase in CO2 emissions. Turkey is 7th country amon European Uninon (EU) member contries according to carbon dioxide volume (215 million tones) in 2005. Turkey also ranks first regarding the industrial emmisions (Baykan, 2009) CO2 emissions are also important regarding environmental impact. The TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institute)  data shows that amount of CO2 emissions from consuming fossil energys sources stand at 223.4 (Giga Gram-Gg) as of 2004. TURKSTAT forecasts that the amount of CO2 emissions from energy production will hit 343 Gg by 2010 and to 615 Gg by 2020. The major part of CO2 emissions come from electricity production (Telli et al, 2008). Also TPES (total primary energy supply) will almost double between 2002 and 2020, with coal accounting for an important share, rising from 26% in 2002 to 36% in 2020, principally replacing oil, which is expected to drop from 40% to 27%. Such trends will lead to a significant rise in CO2 emissions, which are projected to reach nearly 600 Mt in 2020, over three times 2002 levels (International Energy Agency. Energy Policies of IEA Contries, 2005) Table 2 Turkey’s energy need has been increasing with a rate of 6% for decades as a result of fast urbanization and industrialization. The energy distribution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries. Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas. At present, about 30% of the total energy demand is met by domestic resources. (Okay et al, 2008). According to Table 3, it can be seen that rapid growth in CO2 emissions in all major sectors between 1973 and 2002. This trend will continue to persist because of the industralization and urban development. Table 3 Turkey’s rapid economic development comes with the environmental burden. One of the major concern is air pollution. The fast growth in energy consumption, especially the excalating use of lignite, increased  SO2 emissions in power sector. On the other hand NO2 emissions are lower than SO2 emissions in Turkey, but they tend to increase fast due to high energy demand (Kaygusuz, 2002).  The main contributer of SO2 emissions is the power sector. It contributes more than 50% of total emissions. The major pollutants related with energy use are sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total suspenden particulates (TSP).  For Turkey these emissions come mainly from the combustion of coal, oil In the transport sector estimated growth of energy consumption is not as fast as that in the power generation and industrial sectors, the growth potential for pollutant emissions is large (M. Ocak et al, 2004). 4.3 Renewable Energy Sources and consumption of Turkey and Sustainable Development Sustainable development is a way of utilization that helps to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for future generations (United Nations, 1987, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm). Regarding sustainable development, one of the main subject is the developing countries and their problems like in the case of Turkey.  Among the problems of the developing countries; unemployment, poverty, high population growth, migration from rural areas to the urban areas, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental pollution, inadequacy of infrastructure and services, excessive use of natural resources and energy can be observed (Levent, 1999) Turkey is a mainly energy importing country. Because of the increasing energy demand and consumption, pollutin is getting worse. But amongs other type of pollutions, air pollution needs immediate concern.  From this point of view renewable energy resources are one of most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution preventation in Turkey (Kaygusuz, 2002). As a candidate for EU membershirp, Turkey has to comply with the requriements of EU membership. EU countries will acquire 21% of their energy demand from renewable energy sources by the year 2010 which is mentioned in directive 2001/77/EC (27 March 2001) on Promotion of Electiricty Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the International Electricity Market (Ozgur, 2008). Turkey has considerable potential for renewable energy sources and environmental technoligies. In fact Turkey has significant reserves of renewable energy sources. According to year 2000 data renewable energy production represented about 9.51 Mtoe and renewables are the second largest domestic energy source after coal. Slightly less than two-thirds of this production is supplied by biomass and animal waste; another one-third is supplied by hydropower and about 0.5% of the total is produced from geothermal, wind and solar sources (Kaygusuz, 2002). 4.3.1 Hydropower Turkey is poor regarding the main energy sources like oil and natural gas but has substantial hydropower potential. It is the second largest energy source in Turkey. Hydroelectric potential in Turkey is nearly 1% of the world potential, 16% of the European potential. Nearly 65% of hydroelectric potential are still not converted to energy (Soyhan, 2009) The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources  (MENR) plans to expand hydro capacity to 35 000 Mwe (Mega Watt Electric) by the year 2020. Also goverment plans to construct 332 more hydro plants in long term. If the plans are achievedi the total number of plants reach to 485, and more than 19 GW (Giga Watt) of capacity to hydro system. The another importan project relating with hydro power is GAP (South-eastern Anatolia Project). It covers one tenth of Turkey’s total lan area. After it is complete GAP will add 7476 MW. All of these planned developments cost US$ 30.  Main advantages of hydro power are renewable source of energys, not polute the environment, operaiton cost is low billion (Nalan et al, 2009). 4.3.2 Solar Energy Because of the geographic location, Turkey has rich solar potential. Turkey with its average annual sunshine duration of 2610 h and an average solar intensity of 3.6 kWh. As Turkey lies near the sunny belt between 36 and 42 ºN latitudes, most of the locations in Turkey receive rich solar energy. Average annual temperature is 18–20  ºC on the south coast, falls down to 14–16 ºC on the west coast, and fluctuates 4–18 ºC in the central parts (Soyhan, 2009). The installed solar collecter area  was recorded as 7,5 million m2 in 2001 and 10 million m2 in 2004. From these collectors, commonly used in Mediterranean and Aegean regions, heat energy about 290 and 375 ktoe/year was provided in 2002 and 2004 respectively.  On the other hand PV (photovoltaic solar cells) and solar collectors used to produce electric energy from solar energy have high installing cost so no economical usage is available today.  Because of the economical and technical restraints only 5% of the technical potential is economically available for electiricty generation (Ozgur, 2009). 4.3.3 Wind Energy Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable source of electricty around the world. In Turkey, the western, northern and south eastern coasts of Anatolia are identified as most favorable areas for wind power generation with an annual average wind speed and power density of about 2.5 m/s and 25.8 W/m2. Technical wind potential of Turkey is given as 88,000 GW and the economic potential is forecasted as 10,000MW. The current production situation of wind energy projects is between 727.96 and 817.96 MW. The main wind energy projects are concentrated in the Aegean (16 projects) and Meditrranean (9 projects). The installed capacity of wind energy is expected to reah 600 MW by 2010 and 1000 MW by 2020.  (Nalan et al, 2009) 4.3.4 Geothermal Amongst the most environmental friendly powers geothermal energy has a special place. It produces electricity with about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a natural gas-fueled power plant produces, and with small amount of the nitrous oxide or sulphur-bearing gases. Turkey has 170 number of geothermal surface where fluids are over than 49 ºC. C ¸anakkale-Tuzla, Kutahya-Simav, Aydin Salavatli, Aydin-Germencik, Denizli-Kizildere, Manisa-Salihli-Caferbeyli, Izmir Seferihisar, Dikili, and Denizli Golemezli are convenient to produce electricity while the rest are convenient only for instant usage. There are 51,600 housing equivalent heating is already accessible in Turkey and the thermal power hit 493 MWt. Furthermore totally 194 thermal springs are accessible for health tourism in Turkey equal to 327 MWt. According to world data Turkey is the fourth country using capacity with 820 MWt. Thermal potential hit nearly 2600 MWt. Probable geothermal volume is about 31,500 MWt in Turkey. It shows that  30% of the total houses (five million houses) can be heated by geothermal sources (equivalent to 32 billion cubic meters natural gas) in Turkey. In 2005, electricity production volume was got to 185 MWe and by building new geothermal electric plants, Turkey is planning to get 500 MWe in 2010 and 1000 MWe in 2020 (Soyhan,2009) 4.3.5 Biomass Biomass is a renewable energy source in which biological material acquired from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is generally plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For instance, forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biomass. Biomass also contains plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also contain biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It eleminates organic material such as fossil fuel which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum (Wikipedia, 2009, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass) The biomass fuel period has near zero net emissions of CO2. But it is hard to gather large quantities of biomass wastes because of their scattered nature. The accesibility of some types of biomass is seasonal. On the other hand annual productions of most biomass are volatile between years depending on climate conditions. Biomass is also hard and costly to transport (Nalan et al; 2009) At present Turkey’s major renewable source is biomass and animal waste (67.4% of TPES) but anticipated to decline in share and absolute terms in the future as the convenience and options of oil, gas, coal, or electrical heating and cooking become available. Turkey’s total retrievable bioenergy capacity was 196.7 TWh (16.92 Mtoe) in 1998 out of which 55.9 TWh (4.81 Mtoe) was from crop residues, 50 TWh (43 Mtoe) from forestry and wood processing residues, 48.3 TWh (41.6 Mtoe) from firewood, 27.3 TWh (23.5 Mtoe) from animal wastes, and 15.1 TWh (13 Mtoe) from municipality wastes (Soyhan, 2009) 5. Kyoto Protocol and Beyond: Position of Turkey The threat of global warming and climate change has deepened in late 1980s. A main source of global warming was increased GHG (CO2 emissions, in particular), the first response was the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which was issued at the Rio Summit of 1992. According the UNFCCC the Annex-I countries dedicated, on a voluntary basis, to limit their gaseous emissions to 1990 levels. The OECD (1992) and EU countries further became a member to form the Annex-II bloc and complied to provide technical and financial assistance to those countries that remained outside the Annex-I to aid their environmental policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Telli, 2008) After UNFCCC agreement, 38 industrialized nation have compromised on the Kyoto Protocol to limit GHG emissions in December 1997.  The agreement which is bound by the law of nations requires worldwide GHG emissions to be cut by 5,2% percent compared to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. Additional to this, the Kyoto protocol allows emission trading. Each country can have credit for GHG reductions achieved in another member country by Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). These instrument provides access to trading oppotunities with non-member countries (i.e the less developed world) (Hackl et al, 1999). 5.1. Turkey’s Position Turkey which is the member of the OECD was initialy listed in both Annexes-I and II of the UNFCCC in 1992. But imposing for its special circumstances, Turkey did not become a member of the Convention. The major difference between Annex I and Annex II was that the countries with economies in transition to free market in Central and Eastern Europe were included in Annex I, but not in Annex II. During the negotiations on the UNFCCC, Turkey objected to being included in both Annexes and it continued its reservation to the Annexes after the Convention had been adopted. Turkey did not ratify the UNFCCC. For Turkey, its inclusion in Anexes I and II was problematic because the country’s per capita GHG emissions were much lower than those in the EU (almost a factor three less) and its economic profile too much different from the other Annex II countries to be able to commit itself to technology and financial transfers to developing countries. Eventually, Turkey requested the Conference of the Parties (COP) to recognise its special circumstances within Annex I. This resulted in Decision 26/CP.7 taken by COP-7 in 2001. Following that decision, Turkey officially announced that it would accede to the UNFCCC by publishing Law No.4990 in the Official Gazette on 16 October 2003. The official accession took place on 24 May 2004. (Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2007). Turkey also ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 5th of Februrary 2009, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009) Turkey signed the protocol because Turkey wants to join the talks that shape the plan after the Kyoto Protocol’s commitment period (2008-2012). 5.2 Beyond the Kyoto Protocol: Copenhagen After the Kyoto Protocol biggest problem is to find a solution of sharin global emissions reduction between fast devoloping countries like China and India and industrialised regions like US and Europe.  In December 2007, goverment representatives from 190 countries  agreed to work out a new climate treaty by the end of 2009 (UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009). If the parties agreed upon on new deal, it would need to come into force before January 2013.  The main issues are long-term targets for cutting emissions and reverse dangerous climate change impacts. Addition to that the introduction of a technology-transfer mechanism to permit developing countries to act towards low-carbon economies. (Euractiv, 2009, http://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/climate-change-road-copenhagen/article-180706) Before UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009, the main problem is funding for climate chage and adaptation in deceloping countries. The countries in the industrialisation phase insist that already developed countries have a historical responsibility for climate change. According to this less developed countries want to get assist from developed countiries in acquiring technologies needed to stop GHG. On the other hand developed countries like The EU members and US want to developing countries to join by compiling national emission reduction strategies before they give any money under the agreement for technology development. The other importan problem is the level of each party’s contribution to emissiond reduction. According to the figures  by the UNFCCC which are published on 11 August 2009, the emission reduction limits for industrialised countries would be in a 15-21% cut from 1990 levels. But the most important thing is that these levels exclude the US, which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. US would water down the overall goal as it only plans a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020 in its draft climate bill that pledges to cut emissions by 17% from 2005 levels (Euractiv, 2009, http://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/bonn-climate-talks-augur-badly-copenhagen-summit/article-184601) Both developed countries and major developing countries including Turkey, have be quick to address its binding commitments on GHG emissions  untill the next UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009 (Pamukcu, 2008). 6. European Union Environmental Acquis There was no particular adaption regarding environmental protection in the agreements that establish the European Union. On the other hand, according to the major target of the Europen Union that promotes the living condition of the human kind, common attention is needed for the environment.  Another aspect to promote the environmental policies in European Union is that the environmental policies and regulations applied by each member separately can harm the quality of free competition (Atilgan, 2007). â€Å"Environment Acquis† is the organ of European law targeted the environment. Environment law includes horizontal or cross cutting legislation (for instance, Environmental Impact Assessment), and the entry of â€Å"Framework Directives† (e.g., air, waste, water) to better combine laws for the same environmental area. Applying of the Acquis into national laws is a operation includes acceptence of specific binding legal measures (e.g., quality and technical standards, testing and notification requirements) and country-specific decisions on optional and recommended legal measures (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 1993, EU constituted â€Å"Copenhagen Criteria† inculiding â€Å"acquis communautaire† in the Copenhagen Summit. Acquis communautaire is formed of 31 topics inwhich the environment is 22th. EU assesses the adoption process of the candidate country in progress reports according to â€Å"acquis communautaire† including environment. The environmental acquis consist of several sub sections. First, Horizontal legislation of environmental acquis includes 6 main parts they are,  environmental impact assessment (EIA); accession to environmental information; reporting; the European Environment Agency; the Loan Instrument for the Environment (LIFE) and associated policy; and civil protection. Except horiziontal legislation, EU environmental acquis has 8 main legislation covering wide range of environmental areas. These are, water quality, air quality,  waste material management ,protection of nature, the prevention of industrial pollution and on risk management, chemical substances and genetically mutated organisms, noise, nuclear safety and precautions against radiation (Kayikci, 2005) In 1998, the European Council decided to combine EU Environment Law more emphatically with national government’s strategies, activating the â€Å"Cardiff Process.† The Cardiff Process concentrates on nine major sectors and has concluded in development of new environment-associated directives. According to these directives, implementation is more directly on sectoral authorities rather than the environment administration. As a result, the Environment Acquis is introducing not only possibilities for sustainable development and growth in Europe, but also complications and obstacles for implementation. Implementation needs an combined approach with government administration that includes coordination mechanisms across government, local responsibility and action, public participation, and accountability of state institutions. The EU also has constituted an Emissions Trading Directive in 2003 that brought a new cap and trade policy for carbon emissions, which necessitates each Member State to comply with the EU on a national allowance plan and introduce administrative systems to enable internal trade of carbon permit allowances. Two of the â€Å"heavy investment† directives under the Environment Acquis—the Industrial Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC) Directive and the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive introduces upgrades in air pollution control technologies and equipment in large industrial polluters. The private sector would normally afford improvement costs, except for state-owned industries (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 2006 The European Union introduced an ambitious target to limit its GHG emissions, by 2020, to 20% below the level of 199 0; and call the rest of the industrialised countries and the less developed world to join to the Kyoto Protocol (Telli, 2008) 7. Harmonization of Environmental Policies of Turkey with European Union As for Turkey, complying with the environmental acquis and implementation are problematical. In order to comply with the acquis Turkey has to undertake a large number of expensive implementation. Additional to that, implementation has impact on competitiveness and resource that are used and needed by other importan social requirements (Van Ooik et al, 2009). According to The 2008 Turkey’s Pogress Report lays out the major areas relating adoption and tne implementation the environmental acquis. Regarding horizontal legislation, Turkey adopted most of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, but methods for consulting the public and trans-boundary consultations are not fully adjusted. Turkey signed the Kyoto Protocol but The Emissions Trading Directive has not been transfered. A GHG emissions trading scheme has not yet been constituted. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive also is at an early phase. There is no breakthrough transferring the acquis on environmental liability, public contribution and public admission to environmental information (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf)   The Energy Efficiency Law (EEL) of Turkey was improved according to Turkey’s missions of adopting the EU directives. Turkey expected to realise 25–30% savings in total energy consumption with the law which was came into force on 2007. The law utilises the efficient use of energy and adresses the administrative structuring, energy auditing, financial instruments and incentives, awareness raising and the establishment of an Energy Service Company (ESCO) market for energy efficiency (EE) services (Okay et al, 2008) Regarding air quality, Turkey made good adjusments relating to air quality framework legislation. The administrative potential for regional air quality has been enhanced by building a clean air centre in Marmara but there is no progress in the field of acquis on emissions of volatile organic compounds, on the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels or on national emission ceilings (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf) Some adjustments are made relating to the waste management acquis, although a national waste management plan is still insufficient. Also in the field of water quality, adjustments with the aquis is insufficient, but there is a little progress (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). In the field of nature protection, Turkey got into line with the acquis regarding establishment and management of zoos but the level of implementation is still very low. A law on nature protection and implementing legislation on birds and habitats have not yet been internalised. A draft relating to a biodiversity strategy and action plan have been arranged, but not yet internalised by the government (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). There is no progress in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management. Turkey got in the line with some provisions of the Seveso II Directive and with the Large Combustion Plants and Waste Incineration Directives (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/ Evaluation of Turkeys Energy Consumption and Resources Evaluation of Turkeys Energy Consumption and Resources 4. Energy and Environmental outlook of Turkey Energy is accepted as a most important factor in economic development. On the other hand environmental impacts of industrial and economical development becomes more evident in recent years. In order to mitigate the environmental effects of industrial and economical development is to take long term solutions for sustainable development. Therefore, this chapter explains the main characteristics of Turkey’s general energy outlook and environmental indicators. It starts begin to lay out the diversity of Turkey’s conventional energy resources and level of energy consumption (oil, coal, natural gas, etc) including electricity production and consumption. In the second part it analyses environmental impacts of industrial and economical development. Finally, in the third part it examines the  renewable energy sources and consumption (wind energy, Hydropower, Biomass, etc) which are used to replace the conventional energy resources to lower the Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) a nd establish sustainable development within Turkey. 4.1 Conventional Energy sources  and consumption of Turkey Large increase in energy demand is observed particularly for electricity and natural gas in Turkey. In 2002 %48 of total energy demand of Turkey is supplied by domestic production. Total energy demand will hit 308 one million tone of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 2020. Energy import will hit 226 Mtoe and domestic production will reach 81 Mtoe in 2020 (Ogulata, 2002). Turkey’s five main energy sources are oil, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric and renewable energy sources. Also In 2006 Turkey’s total electric production reached 175.5 milliards kWh and energy demand reached 174 milliards kWh. In this period product of electrical power acquired from natural gas (%44), from hydraulic (%25,1), from lignite (%18,4), from imported coal (%6,3), from fuel oil (%3), from pit coal (%1,6) and from naphtha (%1,1) (Soyhan, 2009). As the data lays out Turkey main energy sources are conventional energy sources like oil, coal and natural gas. And regarding Turkey’s fossil fuel reserves, which total 254 Mtoe, Turkey will continue import energy in the years ahead. It is also important to emphasize that the main distinctive property of Turkish Economy is that (Gross National Product-GNP) per capita and energy use per capita both increased 2 percent per annum (Jobert et al, 2007).  While the economy continues to develop, energy demand increase simultaneously, particularly which are produced from fossil fuels. 4.1.1 Oil Oil is the main source of energy in Turkey. In 2008 Turkey’s domestic crude oil potential was 37,3 million ton/6,72 billion barrel according to Ministry of Energy and Natural resources of Turkey’s data. Turkeys oil consumption has continued to increase and hit the amount of 690 thousand barrel per day in 2007 and surpass domestic production levels. In 2007, Russia is  Turkeys top supplier of oil. Also Iran is Turkeys second largest crude oil provider.  (United States Energy Information Administration(EIA), 2009 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Turkey/Oil.html). Table1 As demonstrated in Table 1, the gap between Turkey’s oil production and consumption was getting larger between 1990 and 2004.  Oil has the main share of %44 in total energy consumption. Despite of the target of reducing the dependance on oil lower than 40% in 10 years, new investment on oil research is very essential.  Turkey’s Petrol’s and Anonym Association (TPAO) is undertakin oil researchs in Turkey,  in addition the surrounding areas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.2 Natural Gas According to diversification attempts of energy sources, natural gas was newly introduced to Turkish Economy. Since 1970 natural gas contribution in energy production was increased from 0% to 20,6%. Also in 2006 %44 of electric production came from natural gas. Turkey’s natural gas resources are limited so domestic production capacity in total consumtion is 3%. In 2005 total natural gas consumtion hit 27 milliard m3. In order to close the gap between demand and production Turkey began to import natural gas from Soviet Union in 1985.  At the present Natural gas is mainly used to produce electric power. 17% of natural gas is consumed in factories as energy source and 15% is consumed in housing. In 2005 Turkey was the 7th biggest consumer in Europe. In 2020 Turkey will consume 50 billion m3 natural gas (Soyhan, 2009) 4.1.3 Coal Turkey has large reserves of coal, especially of lignite. The lignite reserves are 8.0 billion tons. The total forecasted coal  reserves are 30 billion tons (Kaygusuz, 2002). Coal is one of the primary enery source by %24 of the total sorces of the country.  Coal is used primarly for power production, cement production and in steel industry.  The Turkish government intends to increase the coal supply from 20.1 Mtoe in 1999 to 118.4 Mtoe in 2020 (Soyhan, 2009). 4.1.4. Electricity Electricity is also major energy source for industry and home usage by itself.  The energy sources that are used to generate electricity can be renewable or conventional (non-renewable like coal, oil and natural gas). But electricity is mostly generated by conventional energy sources in Turkey so it is worth to mention in this chapter. Electricity production from domestic resources is about 40% at present and will decrease to 20% by the year 2020. So remaining electricity supply for the year 2020 must be ensured by imported resources. By 2020 68% of electricity demand will be met by coal, oil and natural gas. (Salvarli, 2006) Turkey may cover the extra-required energy from of hydroelectric, natural gas and renewable sources. If all hydroelectric power used, maximum production would hit 128 milliard kWh. If all of the coal sources would be consumed it is possible to produce 120 milliard kWh electricity, with all natural gas sources the electric production may hit  335 milliard kWh. None of the plans that are mentioned can cover the electric demand for 2020, sot Turkey would import extra electricity demand from abroad (Soyhan, 2009). 4.2 Environmental impacts of Industrial and Economical Development 2008 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) produced  by the World Economic Forum ranks Turkey 72nd out of 149 countries. Additional to EPI, Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) puts Turkey in a 62th place among 235 countries (Baykan, 2009). On the other hand when we look at the CO2 emisions, Turkey’s CO2 emissions were at 2.87 tons in 2003, far lower than the OECD average of 11.08 tons and also Turkey’s share in world emissions was 0.81% (Akbostanci et al, 2009). Although Turkey’s contribution to CO2 emissions quite low, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, coupled with increasing population cause a big pressure on Turkey’s environmental structure and cause to increase in CO2 emissions. Turkey is 7th country amon European Uninon (EU) member contries according to carbon dioxide volume (215 million tones) in 2005. Turkey also ranks first regarding the industrial emmisions (Baykan, 2009) CO2 emissions are also important regarding environmental impact. The TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institute)  data shows that amount of CO2 emissions from consuming fossil energys sources stand at 223.4 (Giga Gram-Gg) as of 2004. TURKSTAT forecasts that the amount of CO2 emissions from energy production will hit 343 Gg by 2010 and to 615 Gg by 2020. The major part of CO2 emissions come from electricity production (Telli et al, 2008). Also TPES (total primary energy supply) will almost double between 2002 and 2020, with coal accounting for an important share, rising from 26% in 2002 to 36% in 2020, principally replacing oil, which is expected to drop from 40% to 27%. Such trends will lead to a significant rise in CO2 emissions, which are projected to reach nearly 600 Mt in 2020, over three times 2002 levels (International Energy Agency. Energy Policies of IEA Contries, 2005) Table 2 Turkey’s energy need has been increasing with a rate of 6% for decades as a result of fast urbanization and industrialization. The energy distribution according to sectors is like this industry 36%, heating 35%, transportation 20%, and other areas 9%. The major energy consumers of the industrial sectors are the iron and steel sector, chemicals and petrochemicals, and textile and leather industries. Because of the scarce domestic energy sources and production capacity, Turkey depends on import primarily on oil and gas. At present, about 30% of the total energy demand is met by domestic resources. (Okay et al, 2008). According to Table 3, it can be seen that rapid growth in CO2 emissions in all major sectors between 1973 and 2002. This trend will continue to persist because of the industralization and urban development. Table 3 Turkey’s rapid economic development comes with the environmental burden. One of the major concern is air pollution. The fast growth in energy consumption, especially the excalating use of lignite, increased  SO2 emissions in power sector. On the other hand NO2 emissions are lower than SO2 emissions in Turkey, but they tend to increase fast due to high energy demand (Kaygusuz, 2002).  The main contributer of SO2 emissions is the power sector. It contributes more than 50% of total emissions. The major pollutants related with energy use are sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and total suspenden particulates (TSP).  For Turkey these emissions come mainly from the combustion of coal, oil In the transport sector estimated growth of energy consumption is not as fast as that in the power generation and industrial sectors, the growth potential for pollutant emissions is large (M. Ocak et al, 2004). 4.3 Renewable Energy Sources and consumption of Turkey and Sustainable Development Sustainable development is a way of utilization that helps to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for future generations (United Nations, 1987, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm). Regarding sustainable development, one of the main subject is the developing countries and their problems like in the case of Turkey.  Among the problems of the developing countries; unemployment, poverty, high population growth, migration from rural areas to the urban areas, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental pollution, inadequacy of infrastructure and services, excessive use of natural resources and energy can be observed (Levent, 1999) Turkey is a mainly energy importing country. Because of the increasing energy demand and consumption, pollutin is getting worse. But amongs other type of pollutions, air pollution needs immediate concern.  From this point of view renewable energy resources are one of most efficient and effective solutions for sustainable energy development and environmental pollution preventation in Turkey (Kaygusuz, 2002). As a candidate for EU membershirp, Turkey has to comply with the requriements of EU membership. EU countries will acquire 21% of their energy demand from renewable energy sources by the year 2010 which is mentioned in directive 2001/77/EC (27 March 2001) on Promotion of Electiricty Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the International Electricity Market (Ozgur, 2008). Turkey has considerable potential for renewable energy sources and environmental technoligies. In fact Turkey has significant reserves of renewable energy sources. According to year 2000 data renewable energy production represented about 9.51 Mtoe and renewables are the second largest domestic energy source after coal. Slightly less than two-thirds of this production is supplied by biomass and animal waste; another one-third is supplied by hydropower and about 0.5% of the total is produced from geothermal, wind and solar sources (Kaygusuz, 2002). 4.3.1 Hydropower Turkey is poor regarding the main energy sources like oil and natural gas but has substantial hydropower potential. It is the second largest energy source in Turkey. Hydroelectric potential in Turkey is nearly 1% of the world potential, 16% of the European potential. Nearly 65% of hydroelectric potential are still not converted to energy (Soyhan, 2009) The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources  (MENR) plans to expand hydro capacity to 35 000 Mwe (Mega Watt Electric) by the year 2020. Also goverment plans to construct 332 more hydro plants in long term. If the plans are achievedi the total number of plants reach to 485, and more than 19 GW (Giga Watt) of capacity to hydro system. The another importan project relating with hydro power is GAP (South-eastern Anatolia Project). It covers one tenth of Turkey’s total lan area. After it is complete GAP will add 7476 MW. All of these planned developments cost US$ 30.  Main advantages of hydro power are renewable source of energys, not polute the environment, operaiton cost is low billion (Nalan et al, 2009). 4.3.2 Solar Energy Because of the geographic location, Turkey has rich solar potential. Turkey with its average annual sunshine duration of 2610 h and an average solar intensity of 3.6 kWh. As Turkey lies near the sunny belt between 36 and 42 ºN latitudes, most of the locations in Turkey receive rich solar energy. Average annual temperature is 18–20  ºC on the south coast, falls down to 14–16 ºC on the west coast, and fluctuates 4–18 ºC in the central parts (Soyhan, 2009). The installed solar collecter area  was recorded as 7,5 million m2 in 2001 and 10 million m2 in 2004. From these collectors, commonly used in Mediterranean and Aegean regions, heat energy about 290 and 375 ktoe/year was provided in 2002 and 2004 respectively.  On the other hand PV (photovoltaic solar cells) and solar collectors used to produce electric energy from solar energy have high installing cost so no economical usage is available today.  Because of the economical and technical restraints only 5% of the technical potential is economically available for electiricty generation (Ozgur, 2009). 4.3.3 Wind Energy Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable source of electricty around the world. In Turkey, the western, northern and south eastern coasts of Anatolia are identified as most favorable areas for wind power generation with an annual average wind speed and power density of about 2.5 m/s and 25.8 W/m2. Technical wind potential of Turkey is given as 88,000 GW and the economic potential is forecasted as 10,000MW. The current production situation of wind energy projects is between 727.96 and 817.96 MW. The main wind energy projects are concentrated in the Aegean (16 projects) and Meditrranean (9 projects). The installed capacity of wind energy is expected to reah 600 MW by 2010 and 1000 MW by 2020.  (Nalan et al, 2009) 4.3.4 Geothermal Amongst the most environmental friendly powers geothermal energy has a special place. It produces electricity with about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide that a natural gas-fueled power plant produces, and with small amount of the nitrous oxide or sulphur-bearing gases. Turkey has 170 number of geothermal surface where fluids are over than 49 ºC. C ¸anakkale-Tuzla, Kutahya-Simav, Aydin Salavatli, Aydin-Germencik, Denizli-Kizildere, Manisa-Salihli-Caferbeyli, Izmir Seferihisar, Dikili, and Denizli Golemezli are convenient to produce electricity while the rest are convenient only for instant usage. There are 51,600 housing equivalent heating is already accessible in Turkey and the thermal power hit 493 MWt. Furthermore totally 194 thermal springs are accessible for health tourism in Turkey equal to 327 MWt. According to world data Turkey is the fourth country using capacity with 820 MWt. Thermal potential hit nearly 2600 MWt. Probable geothermal volume is about 31,500 MWt in Turkey. It shows that  30% of the total houses (five million houses) can be heated by geothermal sources (equivalent to 32 billion cubic meters natural gas) in Turkey. In 2005, electricity production volume was got to 185 MWe and by building new geothermal electric plants, Turkey is planning to get 500 MWe in 2010 and 1000 MWe in 2020 (Soyhan,2009) 4.3.5 Biomass Biomass is a renewable energy source in which biological material acquired from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is generally plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. For instance, forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings and wood chips may be used as biomass. Biomass also contains plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. Biomass may also contain biodegradable wastes that can be burnt as fuel. It eleminates organic material such as fossil fuel which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum (Wikipedia, 2009, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass) The biomass fuel period has near zero net emissions of CO2. But it is hard to gather large quantities of biomass wastes because of their scattered nature. The accesibility of some types of biomass is seasonal. On the other hand annual productions of most biomass are volatile between years depending on climate conditions. Biomass is also hard and costly to transport (Nalan et al; 2009) At present Turkey’s major renewable source is biomass and animal waste (67.4% of TPES) but anticipated to decline in share and absolute terms in the future as the convenience and options of oil, gas, coal, or electrical heating and cooking become available. Turkey’s total retrievable bioenergy capacity was 196.7 TWh (16.92 Mtoe) in 1998 out of which 55.9 TWh (4.81 Mtoe) was from crop residues, 50 TWh (43 Mtoe) from forestry and wood processing residues, 48.3 TWh (41.6 Mtoe) from firewood, 27.3 TWh (23.5 Mtoe) from animal wastes, and 15.1 TWh (13 Mtoe) from municipality wastes (Soyhan, 2009) 5. Kyoto Protocol and Beyond: Position of Turkey The threat of global warming and climate change has deepened in late 1980s. A main source of global warming was increased GHG (CO2 emissions, in particular), the first response was the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which was issued at the Rio Summit of 1992. According the UNFCCC the Annex-I countries dedicated, on a voluntary basis, to limit their gaseous emissions to 1990 levels. The OECD (1992) and EU countries further became a member to form the Annex-II bloc and complied to provide technical and financial assistance to those countries that remained outside the Annex-I to aid their environmental policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Telli, 2008) After UNFCCC agreement, 38 industrialized nation have compromised on the Kyoto Protocol to limit GHG emissions in December 1997.  The agreement which is bound by the law of nations requires worldwide GHG emissions to be cut by 5,2% percent compared to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. Additional to this, the Kyoto protocol allows emission trading. Each country can have credit for GHG reductions achieved in another member country by Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). These instrument provides access to trading oppotunities with non-member countries (i.e the less developed world) (Hackl et al, 1999). 5.1. Turkey’s Position Turkey which is the member of the OECD was initialy listed in both Annexes-I and II of the UNFCCC in 1992. But imposing for its special circumstances, Turkey did not become a member of the Convention. The major difference between Annex I and Annex II was that the countries with economies in transition to free market in Central and Eastern Europe were included in Annex I, but not in Annex II. During the negotiations on the UNFCCC, Turkey objected to being included in both Annexes and it continued its reservation to the Annexes after the Convention had been adopted. Turkey did not ratify the UNFCCC. For Turkey, its inclusion in Anexes I and II was problematic because the country’s per capita GHG emissions were much lower than those in the EU (almost a factor three less) and its economic profile too much different from the other Annex II countries to be able to commit itself to technology and financial transfers to developing countries. Eventually, Turkey requested the Conference of the Parties (COP) to recognise its special circumstances within Annex I. This resulted in Decision 26/CP.7 taken by COP-7 in 2001. Following that decision, Turkey officially announced that it would accede to the UNFCCC by publishing Law No.4990 in the Official Gazette on 16 October 2003. The official accession took place on 24 May 2004. (Joint Implementation Quarterly, 2007). Turkey also ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 5th of Februrary 2009, but Protocol does not put an additional load on Turkey until 2012. Turkey was not a party to the convention adopted in 1992, when the Kyoto Protocol was negotiated, and it is not currently included in the agreements Annex B, which includes 39 countries that are obliged to reduce their greenhouse emissions to 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 (World Wildlife Fund, 2009) Turkey signed the protocol because Turkey wants to join the talks that shape the plan after the Kyoto Protocol’s commitment period (2008-2012). 5.2 Beyond the Kyoto Protocol: Copenhagen After the Kyoto Protocol biggest problem is to find a solution of sharin global emissions reduction between fast devoloping countries like China and India and industrialised regions like US and Europe.  In December 2007, goverment representatives from 190 countries  agreed to work out a new climate treaty by the end of 2009 (UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, 7-18 December 2009). If the parties agreed upon on new deal, it would need to come into force before January 2013.  The main issues are long-term targets for cutting emissions and reverse dangerous climate change impacts. Addition to that the introduction of a technology-transfer mechanism to permit developing countries to act towards low-carbon economies. (Euractiv, 2009, http://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/climate-change-road-copenhagen/article-180706) Before UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009, the main problem is funding for climate chage and adaptation in deceloping countries. The countries in the industrialisation phase insist that already developed countries have a historical responsibility for climate change. According to this less developed countries want to get assist from developed countiries in acquiring technologies needed to stop GHG. On the other hand developed countries like The EU members and US want to developing countries to join by compiling national emission reduction strategies before they give any money under the agreement for technology development. The other importan problem is the level of each party’s contribution to emissiond reduction. According to the figures  by the UNFCCC which are published on 11 August 2009, the emission reduction limits for industrialised countries would be in a 15-21% cut from 1990 levels. But the most important thing is that these levels exclude the US, which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. US would water down the overall goal as it only plans a return to 1990 emission levels by 2020 in its draft climate bill that pledges to cut emissions by 17% from 2005 levels (Euractiv, 2009, http://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-change/bonn-climate-talks-augur-badly-copenhagen-summit/article-184601) Both developed countries and major developing countries including Turkey, have be quick to address its binding commitments on GHG emissions  untill the next UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009 (Pamukcu, 2008). 6. European Union Environmental Acquis There was no particular adaption regarding environmental protection in the agreements that establish the European Union. On the other hand, according to the major target of the Europen Union that promotes the living condition of the human kind, common attention is needed for the environment.  Another aspect to promote the environmental policies in European Union is that the environmental policies and regulations applied by each member separately can harm the quality of free competition (Atilgan, 2007). â€Å"Environment Acquis† is the organ of European law targeted the environment. Environment law includes horizontal or cross cutting legislation (for instance, Environmental Impact Assessment), and the entry of â€Å"Framework Directives† (e.g., air, waste, water) to better combine laws for the same environmental area. Applying of the Acquis into national laws is a operation includes acceptence of specific binding legal measures (e.g., quality and technical standards, testing and notification requirements) and country-specific decisions on optional and recommended legal measures (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 1993, EU constituted â€Å"Copenhagen Criteria† inculiding â€Å"acquis communautaire† in the Copenhagen Summit. Acquis communautaire is formed of 31 topics inwhich the environment is 22th. EU assesses the adoption process of the candidate country in progress reports according to â€Å"acquis communautaire† including environment. The environmental acquis consist of several sub sections. First, Horizontal legislation of environmental acquis includes 6 main parts they are,  environmental impact assessment (EIA); accession to environmental information; reporting; the European Environment Agency; the Loan Instrument for the Environment (LIFE) and associated policy; and civil protection. Except horiziontal legislation, EU environmental acquis has 8 main legislation covering wide range of environmental areas. These are, water quality, air quality,  waste material management ,protection of nature, the prevention of industrial pollution and on risk management, chemical substances and genetically mutated organisms, noise, nuclear safety and precautions against radiation (Kayikci, 2005) In 1998, the European Council decided to combine EU Environment Law more emphatically with national government’s strategies, activating the â€Å"Cardiff Process.† The Cardiff Process concentrates on nine major sectors and has concluded in development of new environment-associated directives. According to these directives, implementation is more directly on sectoral authorities rather than the environment administration. As a result, the Environment Acquis is introducing not only possibilities for sustainable development and growth in Europe, but also complications and obstacles for implementation. Implementation needs an combined approach with government administration that includes coordination mechanisms across government, local responsibility and action, public participation, and accountability of state institutions. The EU also has constituted an Emissions Trading Directive in 2003 that brought a new cap and trade policy for carbon emissions, which necessitates each Member State to comply with the EU on a national allowance plan and introduce administrative systems to enable internal trade of carbon permit allowances. Two of the â€Å"heavy investment† directives under the Environment Acquis—the Industrial Pollution and Prevention Control (IPPC) Directive and the Large Combustion Plant (LCP) Directive introduces upgrades in air pollution control technologies and equipment in large industrial polluters. The private sector would normally afford improvement costs, except for state-owned industries (Journey to a Cleaner Future, The World Bank, 2007 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTECAREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/511168-1191448157765/CleanerFutureRoadmap.pdf). In 2006 The European Union introduced an ambitious target to limit its GHG emissions, by 2020, to 20% below the level of 199 0; and call the rest of the industrialised countries and the less developed world to join to the Kyoto Protocol (Telli, 2008) 7. Harmonization of Environmental Policies of Turkey with European Union As for Turkey, complying with the environmental acquis and implementation are problematical. In order to comply with the acquis Turkey has to undertake a large number of expensive implementation. Additional to that, implementation has impact on competitiveness and resource that are used and needed by other importan social requirements (Van Ooik et al, 2009). According to The 2008 Turkey’s Pogress Report lays out the major areas relating adoption and tne implementation the environmental acquis. Regarding horizontal legislation, Turkey adopted most of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) directive, but methods for consulting the public and trans-boundary consultations are not fully adjusted. Turkey signed the Kyoto Protocol but The Emissions Trading Directive has not been transfered. A GHG emissions trading scheme has not yet been constituted. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive also is at an early phase. There is no breakthrough transferring the acquis on environmental liability, public contribution and public admission to environmental information (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf)   The Energy Efficiency Law (EEL) of Turkey was improved according to Turkey’s missions of adopting the EU directives. Turkey expected to realise 25–30% savings in total energy consumption with the law which was came into force on 2007. The law utilises the efficient use of energy and adresses the administrative structuring, energy auditing, financial instruments and incentives, awareness raising and the establishment of an Energy Service Company (ESCO) market for energy efficiency (EE) services (Okay et al, 2008) Regarding air quality, Turkey made good adjusments relating to air quality framework legislation. The administrative potential for regional air quality has been enhanced by building a clean air centre in Marmara but there is no progress in the field of acquis on emissions of volatile organic compounds, on the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels or on national emission ceilings (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf) Some adjustments are made relating to the waste management acquis, although a national waste management plan is still insufficient. Also in the field of water quality, adjustments with the aquis is insufficient, but there is a little progress (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). In the field of nature protection, Turkey got into line with the acquis regarding establishment and management of zoos but the level of implementation is still very low. A law on nature protection and implementing legislation on birds and habitats have not yet been internalised. A draft relating to a biodiversity strategy and action plan have been arranged, but not yet internalised by the government (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/press_corner/key-documents/reports_nov_2008/turkey_progress_report_en.pdf). There is no progress in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management. Turkey got in the line with some provisions of the Seveso II Directive and with the Large Combustion Plants and Waste Incineration Directives (Turkey 2008 Progress Report, EU, 2008, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/