Nile Crocodile Facts (Crocodylus niloticus)

The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is a large freshwater African reptile. It is responsible for the most deaths from any animal as a predator preying on humans, yet crocodiles serve an important ecological function. The Nile crocodile eats carcasses that pollute water and controls predatory fish that could overeat smaller fish used as food by many other species. Fast Facts: Nile Crocodile Scientific Name: Crocodylus niloticusCommon Names: Nile crocodile, African crocodile, common crocodile, black crocodileBasic Animal Group: ReptileSize: 10-20 feetWeight: 300-1650 poundsLifespan: 50-60 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Freshwater wetlands of sub-Saharan AfricaPopulation: 250,000Conservation Status: Least Concern Description The Nile crocodile is the second-largest reptile in the world after the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus). Nile crocodiles have thick, armored skin that is dark bronze with black stripes and spots on the back, greenish-yellow side stripes, and yellow scales on the belly. Crocodiles have four short legs, long tails, and elongated jaws with conical teeth. Their eyes, ears, and nostrils are on top of the head. Males are about 30% larger than females. Average size ranges between 10 and 20 feet in length and anywhere from 300 to 1,650 pounds in weight. A Nile crocodile may carry her young in her mouth or on her back. Gallo Images-Roger De La Harpe / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution The Nile crocodile is native to Africa. It lives in freshwater marshes, swamps, lakes, streams, and rivers of sub-Saharan Africa, the Nile basin, and Madagascar. It is an invasive species in Florida, but it is unknown whether the population is reproducing. Although it is a freshwater species, the Nile crocodile has salt glands and sometimes enters brackish and marine waters. Diet and Behavior Crocodiles are apex predators that hunt animals up to twice their size. Young crocodiles eat invertebrates and fish, while larger ones may take any animal. They also feed on carcasses, other crocodiles (including members of their own species), and sometimes fruit. Like other crocodilians, they ingest stones as gastroliths, which may help digest food or act as ballast. Crocodiles are ambush predators that wait for prey to come within range, lunge at the target, and sink their teeth into it to drag it into water to drown, die from sudden thrashing movements, or be torn apart with help from other crocodiles. At night, crocodiles may leave the water and ambush prey on land. The Nile crocodile spends most of the day partially exposed in shallow water or basking on land. Crocodiles may bask with open mouths to prevent overheating or as a threat display for other crocodiles. Reproduction and Offspring Nile crocodiles reach sexual maturity between 12 and 16 years of age, when males are about 10 feet 10 inches long and females are between 7 and 10 feet long. Mature males breed every year, while females only breed once every two to three years. Males attract females by making noises, slapping their snouts in water, and blowing water out through their noses. Males may battle other males for breeding rights. Females lay eggs a month or two after breeding. Nesting can occur at any time of year, but tends to coincide with the dry season. The female digs a nest in the sand or soil several feet from the water and deposits between 25 and 80 eggs. The heat of the soil incubates the eggs and determines the sex of the offspring, with males only resulting from temperatures between 89 Â °F and 94 Â °F. The female guards the nest until the eggs hatch, which takes about 90 days. Near the end of the incubation period, the young make high-pitched chirps to alert the female to dig out the eggs. She may use her mouth to help her offspring hatch. After they have hatched, she may carry them in her mouth to water. While she guards her offspring for up to two years, they hunt their own food immediately after hatching. Despite her care, only about 10% of the eggs survive to hatching and 1% of hatchlings reach maturity. Mortality is high because the eggs and young are food for many other species. In captivity, Nile crocodiles live 50 to 60 years. They may have a potential lifespan of 70 to 100 years in the wild. A Nile crocodile has an egg tooth that it uses to help hatch from an egg. hphimagelibrary / Getty Images Conservation Status The Nile crocodile faced extinction in the 1960s. Today, the IUCN classifies the species conservation status as least concern. However, Nile crocodile numbers are decreasing. CITES lists the Nile crocodile under Appendix I (threatened with extinction) throughout most of its range. Researchers estimate 250,000 to 500,000 individuals live in the wild. Crocodiles are protected in part of their range and are raised in captivity. Threats The species faces multiple threats to its survival, including habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting for meat and leather, poaching, pollution, entanglement in fishing nets, and persecution. Invasive plant species also pose a threat, as they alter the temperature of crocodile nests and prevent eggs from hatching. Nile Crocodiles and Humans Crocodiles are farmed for their leather. In the wild, they have a reputation as man-eaters. The Nile crocodile together with the saltwater crocodile kills hundreds or sometimes thousands of people each year. Females with nests are aggressive, plus large adults hunt humans. Field biologists attribute the high number of attacks to a general lack of caution around crocodile-occupied areas. Studies indicate planned land management and public education could reduce human-crocodile conflict. Sources Crocodile Specialist Group 1996. Crocodylus niloticus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1996: e.T46590A11064465. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T46590A11064465.enDunham, K. M.; Ghiurghi, A.; Cumbi, R. Urbano, F. Human–wildlife conflict in Mozambique: a national perspective, with emphasis on wildlife attacks on humans. Oryx. 44 (2): 185, 2010. doi:10.1017/S003060530999086XThorbjarnarson, J. Crocodile tears and skins: international trade, economic constraints, and limits to the sustainable use of crocodilians. Conservation Biology. 13 (3): 465–470, 1999. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.00011.xWallace, K. M. A. J. Leslie. Diet of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Herpetology. 42 (2): 361, 2008. doi:10.1670/07-1071.1Wood, Gerald. The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Publishing Co Inc., 1983. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.

The Mere Nature Of The Soliloquy By William Shakespeare

The mere nature of the soliloquy is to enter the thoughts of a specific character It is a simple idea. It would make sense that Shakespeare employs this literary method to reveal something about Hamlet’s own internal struggle in any given soliloquy. Hamlet is an conflicted and self-disparaging individual who often finds himself toiling with his own ideas and movies frequently. But the first soliloquy is used to reveal to the audience that Hamlet is furious at his mother and Claudius, even before he learns his father was supposedly murdered by the new king. The fury toward Claudius and Gertrude alone is enough to make Hamlet even contemplate suicide, â€Å"Or that the Everlasting had not fix’d/ His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter† (Shakespeare,†¦show more content†¦By comparing corruption to a rotting plant, Shakespeare manages to insert a large, overarching theme into a few sentences of a soliloquy. While there is micro-juxtaposition in the sentences and metaphors in the soliloquy, the first passionate soliloquy provides a striking contrast to the artificial dialogue that Hamlet must exchange with Claudius in court. The juxtaposition of tone emphasizes how rules and customs of the royal court that foster corruption. Shakespeare also juxtaposes spiritual things and earthly things,â€Å"O, that this is too too sullied flesh would melt,/ Thaw and resolve itself into dew† (10). Hamlet is disgusted by the earthly flesh he has to live in and wishes to be something pure and spiritual like dew. The earthly things to hamlet, like soil and weeds, are gruesome. To Hamlet, the world is corrupt and so are the people in it. Shakespeare juxtaposes the earthly with the divine in order to show how Hamlet, while he wanting to be pure, is trapped on earth by some obligation, such as a â€Å"canon ‘gainst self-slaughter†(10). The ban on suicide is also a symbol for Hamletâ€℠¢s obligation to stay in the royal court until things are set right. Allusion is also implemented to emphasize the corruption that is slowly taking over the Royal court. Shakespeare has Hamlet compare his father, his mother, and his uncle all to different Greek and Roman mythological figures. Hamlet firsts makes the comparison ofShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Soliloquys in Othello1128 Words   |  5 Pagesspeak directly to the audience sharing their innermost thoughts through their soliloquies. The protagonist of the play, the tragic Othello, uses soliloquies to show his emotions about what he is told by deceitful Iago regarding his wife’s unfaithfulness. Othello’s soliloquies tend to be emotionally driven and as the play progresses they tend to be become more infected as he descends into rage and jealousy. Iago’s soliloquies however reveal his plans and ideas as to what he wants to create next in theRead MoreEssay about The Evolution of Shakespeares Henry V1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe Evolution of Shakespeares Henry V Foremost among the characters William Shakespeare develops in his series of historical plays is, undoubtedly, the character of Henry V. Henry, also at times referred to as Harry or Hal, develops through the course of four plays: Richard II, I Henry IV, II Henry IV, and Henry V. From the brief mention of Henry in Richard II to the full focus upon him in Henry V, a dramatic change clearly takes place: the playful carousing youth portrayed in the first playRead MoreMacbeth Downfall Analysis911 Words   |  4 Pagesis a popular play that is known all over the world. William Shakespeares play Macbeth is about a nobleman named Macbeth whose ambition is responsible for his downfall. He is corrupted as a result of his rise to power. 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Blinded by his vaulting ambition and encouraged by his wife, Macbeth attempted to remove the obstacles preventing him from being king; these obstacles happened to be other characters in the play. Macbeth accepted the prophecies of witchesRead MoreAnalysis of Act One of Othello by William Shakespeare Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Act One of Othello by William Shakespeare Act 1 is an exceptionally indicative passage of writing in which Shakespeare attempts to divulge the coarse essence of Iagos nature to the audience. Indeed, by the conclusion of line 66 the audience not only understands - in broad terms - Iagos motives and grievances, but also something of the manner in which he intends to consummate Read MoreKing Lear Play vs. Movie Essay1860 Words   |  8 PagesJuly 28, 2010 Mrs. Colton â€Æ' King Lear by William Shakespeare tells the tragedy of Lear, King of England, who slowly, throughout the course of the play becomes mad and eventually dies. 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Mere human beings, on the other handRead MoreIago as an Evil Manipulator in William Shakespeares Othello Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesIago as an Evil Manipulator in William Shakespeares Othello The statement Iago is an evil manipulator in my opinion is true. I see Iago as psychologically astute, deceiving and a misanthrope. His sadistic character hurts everyone in a web of deceit. Iago is Shakespeares most plausible and intriguing villains. The main themes in this play are appearance and reality, love, hate and jealousy. I intend to focus on Iago and see how his character changes and how

Communication in Business and Challanges †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication in Business and Challanges. Answer: Introduction People who can navigate in foreign countries have an element of worldliness and sophistication in them. It indicates executive presence and demonstrates the concern of grave, civility and consideration of the others that does not go neglected. It always has a recoil effect, as it is not the norm. Most of the people assume that the thing that is a common practice in their home place is also normal and logical in other parts of the world. This thinking is invalid and many a times, it accidentally works against what the person is trying to accomplish. Japan is a society that is bounded by rules and different standards of behavior. Therefore, before leaving for Japan, Emily must keep in mind that Japan was never and will never be a western colony. Japanese people are strong will and of traditional abilities (Islam 2017). Hence, spend must time in order to familiarize herself with the customs, values and the behavioral practices that are accepted in that country and the things that will h elp her communicate effectively with the business tycoon of the country. An adherence to Japanese etiquette will give Emily an edge and help her create an approving impression of hers and her business too. Discussion: Japanese business etiquette It is very important to apprehend that observance of the cultural norms differ from person to person within a culture. However, communication takes place in between one person and the other, and not between different cultures (Okoro 2012). Therefore, while considering cultural etiquette, it is wise to commence these guidelines, not, gospel. Hence, while keeping this in mind, Emily must consider the following etiquette rules of Japan before her final meeting. Things to remember Time consciousness- Punctuality is very crucial. Japanese are very punctual and the excuses of traffic jams to come late on the meetings in Japan are not considered. It gives a wrong impression and may result in dismiss of the meeting, which will ultimately affect the result of the business deal. Presentations of the Business Cards- A business card or Meishi is considered as an extension of identity by the Japanese business professionals (Polleri 2017). They are been treated with maximum respect. Hence, it is very important to perceive some entrenched rules of etiquette that shows respect for the person. Accepting the business card and presenting ones own business card with both the hands will create a positive impact on their mind about the person. One of the worst things that can be done in Japanese etiquette is to pack some ones business card into the wallet or back pocket in their presence. Keep those cards on the table, until the meeting gets over. Greeting and introduction- Greeting in Japan is one of the toughest challenges that come at first. Bowing is intensely important there. However, the hosts may realize that the westerners are unfamiliar to bowing, so he or she may offer handshake instead but when it comes to the question of business agreement, then bowing would be much preferable. Removing Shoes- If the business meeting is held outside the office, a few basic etiquette is important to know. While entering to any home or sitting area, remember to open the shoes and follow the lead of the host. However, going in socks is acceptable but make sure that there is no visible whole in the socks. In addition to these, do not use the hosts slippers while going to toilet. There will be slippers, waiting at the entrance. Make use of them. Table manners- In Japan, the businesses are often conducted over drinks. Even if it is disliked, maintain some etiquette by accepting the invitation for drinking. This will provide with an opportunity to experience an interesting bit of Japanese culture and may lead to a successful deal as well. Relationship- Relationship is considered as the most important aspect of business in Japanese culture. Though it may take long time to build efficient relationship with them and this cannot be done sitting at UK. The Japanese businesspersons like to know the complete background of the person before they start into a business with them (Sethi 2016). Hence, they test their clients during several activities in order to know what type of person he or she is and whether it is suitable for them doing business with that person. Custom of giving and taking gifts- Opening gifts at the time when they are presented is against the Japanese custom. It must also be kept in mind that the gift must be as expensive as the power of the contact. Things to avoid Keep hands out of the pockets and avoid making use of mobile phones while speaking or at the meeting. Do not blow nose in public (Tanaka and Kleiner 2015). It is against the Japanese etiquette. Either excuse yourself to toilet or out of the room. Do not kiss anyone as a greeting. Avoid the gesture of pointing fingers. Pointing fingers, feet or even chopsticks is supposed rude in Japan. Number 4 and 9 are believed to be unfortunate in the Japanese culture. The term four is considered to be carrying the same meaning as death and the word nine means suffering. Hence, avoid giving gifts or any sort of things in a set of four or nine. Save face. Personal dignity is very vital to the people in Japan (Rothlin and McCann 2016). Avoid causing people to lose their face by revealing their shortcomings or mistakes in front of the others. Reaction of Japanese clients when they meet a female supplier Japanese businesspersons treat differently to a female business contact, because they know they are from the overseas. In many Japanese companies, the senior staffs are females, and the Japanese have to adjust to such style. Still, the male senior staff dominates many Japanese SMEs. In the companies in Japan, where a Japanese female staff is senior than her male colleagues, speaking in English is sometimes used in order to avoid the use of the female Japanese language to the male junior mates, as the female language is normally reserved as considerate to Japanese men (Terasawa 2017). Hence, If the chosen attire is a skirt, then it will be best to wear skirts that fall below the knee level. However, many business-women also wear trouser suits now-a-days. Recommendations Send them a summary of the notes of the presentation in advance and the summary of the businesss competencies as well so that he gets the chance to discuss about them internally (Naoko et al. 2016). Add Japanese annotation in business card. Present the business cards with both hands while bowing or after shaking hands. Make use of evening drinking session in order to reinforce the proposal. No matter how long it takes, but do take time to invest in building good relationship with the Japanese. Make sure that the job title in Japanese adequately communicates the seniority. Emily must provide them with informative materials regarding her background, also the subject matter of her assignment, for example, product catalogues, company brochures, etc as soon in advance as possible. Present them gifts that are typically English or have Royal connections and make sure that they are well wrapped. Take things slowly. Keep what you say simple and straightforward. Speak in short speed that could be easily translated. Avoid asking rhetorical questions. Never be late and do not try to cancel or change meeting at the last minute until and unless there is absolutely no other alternative (Dunn 2011). Construct a short and warm introductory speech for the meeting. Maintaining personal posture is very important. Sit firmly in chairs at meeting and do not cross the legs and maintain a formal style (Dunn 2013). Do not drink the tea offered before the host has invited you to do so. Shake hands at both the beginning and end of meeting. While taking the first sip of the drink at meals, do toast your host by rising the glass to him or her and to those who are around before starting drinking. Do not drink until it is the time for the toasts to take place. Above all, be patient enough to expect quick responses. Conclusion From the above analysis, it could be stated that Japanese are a bit religious and they are bounded by certain rules and standards of behavior. In order to accomplish a successful deal, Emily must keep the above in mind. However, there are books that say a lot about the uniqueness of Japanese custom and culture. However, there is nothing legendary or fabled about doing a business in Japan. Business is business here just like elsewhere and it is growingly cosmopolitan but the few general points mentioned above are worth remembering. References: Dunn, C.D., 2011. Formal forms or verbal strategies? Politeness theory and Japanese business etiquette training.Journal of Pragmatics,43(15), pp.3643-3654. Dunn, C.D., 2013. Speaking politely, kindly, and beautifully: Ideologies of politeness in Japanese business etiquette training. Islam, T., 2017. Practices of Cross-Cultural Etiquette and Communication in Global Business-A Conceptual Analysis on Managing Corporate Expansion: A Review Study.J Bus Fin Aff,6(280), pp.2167-0234. Naoko, M.A.T.S.U.D.A., Ryuichiro, T.S.U.C.H.I.Y.A., Kenta, I.K.E.U.C.H.I. and Hiroyuki, O.K.A.M.U.R.O., 2016.Quantitative Analysis of Factors of Willingness and Preparation of Start-ups (Japanese)(No. 16009). Okoro, E., 2012. Cross-cultural etiquette and communication in global business: Toward a strategic framework for managing corporate expansion.International journal of business and management,7(16), p.130. Polleri, M., 2017. EXCHANGING BUSINESS CARDS IN JAPAN: Oh! So you are an.Anthropology Today,33(3), pp.23-24. Rothlin, S. and McCann, D., 2016. The Social Environment: Business Etiquette and Cultural Sensitivity. InInternational Business Ethics(pp. 321-340). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Sethi, D., 2016. Business Etiquette in China: Analysis Based on Literature Review. Tanaka, A. and Kleiner, B., 2015. Cross-Cultural Business Etiquette.Culture Religion Review Journal,2015(1). Terasawa, T., 2017. The contradictory effect of the globalon the local: Japanese behaviour and attitudes towards English use in local contexts.Globalisation, Societies and Education, pp.1-12.

IT Security in Google

The Google’s New Privacy Policy is just an attempt to ensure high-level security of an individual’s data and improvement in the search field. For instance, the data searches on Google are linked to other websites such as You Tube. This only shows that Google is tracking people’s activities over the internet. At present, people share their contacts across Docs, Gmail, and Calendar. Since the internet has so many players, it requires an all-inclusive approach that will help in maintaining trust from the public. This policy has not violated information sharing to a third party; it simply makes the data available everywhere (Gross Perez, 2012). In addition, the policy is trying to minimize cyber crime cases by tracking people’s activities over the internet.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on IT Security in Google specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizations planning to use Google as their communication platform will experience a few challenges, that is, the policy is not meant to share the enterprise’s data with an employee’s data. Markedly, Google cannot detect the connection between a personal account and a user’s work or employment account. These two accounts remain autonomous from each other. On the other hand, organizations that use Google apps should ensure that they renew their contract with Google to avert situations of information leakage to third parties (Gross Perez, 2012). Some of the social media services from Google that my employees can use include Google Buzz and Google+. All these products are inbuilt in Gmail. Therefore, they are easily accessible under a single click. The employees must verify their email addresses in order to ensure high-level of privacy. Under Google+, employees will be able to learn how other firms operate in achieving their objectives. The company can opt to block employees’ personal accounts durin g their working time or within the organization. This policy will enable employees to remain focussed on meeting their goals, as there will be less obstruction at work. Possible security risks that can emanate when using Google cloud services may prove impossible to control. For instance, the linking of people’s data to all websites will make it easier for cyber criminals or hackers to access these pieces of information at ago. Information storage in the cloud, clearly, allows hackers to delete or alter all information in a person’s accounts. A case example is Mat Honan who hackers got into his email and iCloud account. The hackers erased all back up information in the Cloud, information in his Apple phone, and even deleted his Twitter account (Fogarty, 2012). The revelation of the illicit affair between former CIA director and Paula Broadwell shows how privacy policy can be used to track down individuals who use the internet to engage wrongful acts. A detailed analysi s of this relationship reveals that the two had been using an email with a pseudonym to communicate via drafts, as they could access this email. Broadwell’s attempt to send emails from this Gmail account made the whole affair to become known. From this point, electronic data can be used as evidence in a court of law even though they are highly prone to distortion (Cyber Forensics, n.d.). Data privacy in this digital era needs info security professionals who ensure that there is no access by third parties. Further, data are always stored in computers as caches or in the internet. Therefore, data exchanges over the internet are easily tracked as history and can be used as evidence against an individual. People should be very cautious with the manner in which they handle their information over the internet. References Cyber Forensics. (n.d.). Cyber Forensics. Web.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lea rn More Fogarty, K. (2012, August 10). The Biggest Cloud Computing Security Risk Is Impossible to Eliminate. Network Computing. Retrieved from https://www.networkcomputing.com/careers-and-certifications/biggest-cloud-computing-security-risk-impossible-eliminate Gross, G., Perez, J. C. (2012, February 24). Google: New privacy policy to have little impact on enterprise – Computerworld. Computerworld – IT news, features, blogs, tech reviews, career advice. Retrieved from https://www.computerworld.com/article/2501586/google–new-privacy-policy-to-have-little-impact-on-enterprise.html This report on IT Security in Google was written and submitted by user Nevaeh Bass to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why You Need To Limit Your Social Media Use

Why You Need To Limit Your Social Media Use Social media is everywhere- and a huge part of our day-to-day lives. It’s not going anywhere either. But do the benefits of all this connectivity and constant chatter actually outweigh the costs? Have you even considered what costs there might be in your life and career? Here are a handful of reasons why you should curb your constant phone use and start taking part in that old-fashioned thing we call the real world.1. You’re Down on YourselfStudies show that people who spend a significant amount of time on social media experience increased anxiety and decreased self-esteem. Watching everybody else’s milestones and achievements fly through your feed doesn’t make you happy for your pals, it makes you unhappy about your own (seeming) lack of accomplishment. Are these people even your friends? Are you spending more time thinking about their goal-slashing and not worrying enough about setting goals of your own?2. You’ve Distorted RealityAnd while we†™re at it, all that success and joy you see on your feed from your thousands of â€Å"friends† is also highly crafted and paints a pretty rosy picture of events. Nobody’s life is as glamorous or freewheeling as Instagram and Facebook make them out to be. Just think of how many times you took that selfie to make sure it looked effortless? You’re not alone by any means. Remember that image and reality don’t always match up- and that your happiness should not depend on anybody else’s.3. It’s Not Actually SocialYou may feel less lonely, or more like you are keeping in touch with all of your friends when you’re constantly all up on their social media, but it’s not actually getting you anywhere close to real, lasting and close relationships with any of your friends. It’s just empty interaction. Your real, close friends are the ones you have actual conversations with- even on the phone or Skype if not in person. If your frien ds were to deactivate their accounts, would you still speak to them?4. You’ve Become a JerkAre you that friend who can’t get through an entire dinner- or concert, or picnic, or party, or other hang-out situation- without spending most of the time checking their phone? And be honest- it’s not even for important work emails or personal calls or texts! This friend is scrolling through their Facebook and Instagram feeds while you’re trying to have a conversation. It’s incredibly rude and ruins the experience for everyone. So if you’re not that friend, make sure you don’t become that friend.5. Your Life is PublicIf you don’t set boundaries and post everything that happens to you willy nilly, you forget that your entire life is not only public, but also permanently recorded in visual images and text. Just remember that safety and reputation are both important. And dial it back a bit.6. You’re DistractedSocial media is incredib ly distracting. Maybe you find yourself doing something cool; instead of enjoying the moment and being present, you’re mostly thinking how to get the perfect photo and how to phrase the perfect post. You’re starting to see the world in virtual, filtered form, rather than experiencing it. Or worse- you’ve lost touch with your life because you feel most alive when online. Or the least bored. But every hour you spend on your phone is another hour of life you’re missing out on. Think what you could accomplish in all of that accumulated time!

Guil Naquitz (Mexico) - Key Evidence of Maize Domestication History

Guil Naquitz (Mexico) - Key Evidence of Maize Domestication History Guil Naquitz is one of the most important archaeological sites in the Americas, recognized for its breakthrough discoveries in understanding plant domestication. The site was excavated in the 1970s by KV Flannery, using then-new methods of environmental and ecological sampling, and the results of those sampling techniques and other excavations that followed rewrote what archaeologists had previously understood of the timing of plant domestication. Guil Naquitz is a small cave  occupied at least six times between 8000 and 6500 BC, by hunters and gatherers, probably during the fall (October to December) of the year. The cave is in the Tehuacn valley of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, about 5 kilometers (3 miles) northwest of the town of Mitla. The mouth of the cave opens near the base of a large ignimbrite cliff rising ~300 meters (~1000 feet) above the valley floor. Chronology and Stratigraphy Five natural strata (A-E) were identified in the cave deposits, which extended to a maximum depth of 140 centimeters (55 inches). Unfortunately, only the top strata (A) can be conclusively dated, based on radiocarbon dates from its living floors and pottery which matches Monte Alban IIIB-IV, ca. 700 AD. The dates of the other strata within the cave are to an extent contradictory: but AMS radiocarbon dates on the plant parts discovered within layers B, C, and D have returned dates to nearly 10,000 years ago, well within the Archaic period and, for the time it was discovered, mind-blowingly early. Considerable and heated debate occurred in the 1970s, particularly about the radiocarbon dates from Guila Naquitzs teosinte (precursor to maize) cob fragments, concerns which largely dissipated after similarly old dates for maize were recovered from the San Marcos and Coxcatlan caves in Oaxaca and Puebla, and the Xihuatoxtla site in Guerrero. Macro and Micro Plant Evidence A wide range of plant food was recovered within the cave deposits of Guil Naquitz, including acorns, pinyon, cactus fruits, hackberries, mesquite pods, and most importantly, the wild forms of bottle gourd, squash and beans. Other plants attested at Guila Naquitz chili peppers, amaranth, chenopodium, and agave. This evidence includes plant partspeduncles, seeds, fruits, and rind fragments, but also pollen and phytoliths. Three cobs with plant elements of both  teosinte (the wild progenitor of  maize)  and maize, were found within the deposits and direct-dated by AMS radiocarbon dating to about 5400 years old; they show some signs of domestication. Squash rinds were also radiocarbon dated: they returned dates of approximately 10,000 years ago. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the American Archaic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Benz BF. 2001. Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guil Naquitz, Oaxaca. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(4):2105-2106. Crawford GW. 2015. Food Production, Origins of. In: Wright JD, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition). Oxford: Elsevier. p 300-306. Flannery KV. 1986. Guila Naquitz: Archaic Foraging and Early Agriculture in Oaxaca, Mexico. New York: Academic Press. Marcus J, and Flannery KV. 2004. The coevolution of ritual and society: New 14C dates from ancient Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(52):18257–18261. Piperno DR. 2003. A few kernels short of a cob: on the Staller and Thompson late entry scenario for the introduction of maize into northern South America. Journal of Archaeological Science 30(7):831-836. Schoenwetter J. 1974. Pollen Records of Guila Naquitz Cave. American Antiquity 39(2):292-303. Smith BD. 1997. The Initial Domestication of Cucurbita pepo in the Americas 10,000 Years Ago. Science 276(5314):932-934. Warinner C, Garcia NR, and Tuross N. 2013. Maize, beans and the floral isotopic diversity of highland Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(2):868-873.

Voice of the Customer, and Value Propositions, Southwest Airlines Essay

Voice of the Customer, and Value Propositions, Southwest Airlines - Essay Example Similarly, the airline’s prices are rated ‘good’ compared to those of its competitors whose rating is ‘very good.’ This completely locks out customers who may want to travel on a constrained budget, and creates a field day for Southwest Airline’s competitors. Southwest Airline’s parking is rated at ‘unacceptable’. This is a very sorry state of affairs for the airline, especially if it has any intentions of outdoing other players in the airline industry. By all means, this needs to be fixed urgently to save the airline from further damage. Finally, the airline’s decoration is rated at ‘acceptable’ against its competitor’s rating of ‘very good. This in essence means that customers who value decoration will travel with the competitor airline at the expense of Southwest Airlines. Other areas such as HR and Menu generally enjoy good ratings if compared with Southwest Airline’s competitors. They do not need urgent attention at the moment. In a nutshell, Southwest Airlines must employ more effort to improve the above key areas if it is to remain competitive in the airline industry. This is especially because the airline industry is such that any small thing can adversely affect the performance of an airline. For business class travelers who need to travel frequently between cities, Southwest Airlines will be very convenient. Unlike other airlines, Southwest Airlines has frequent flights between cities and is

Apple Corporation Marketing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Apple Corporation Marketing Strategies - Essay Example The paper tells that Apple was rated as the most admired company in the United States.As such, the market is appreciating the performance of the company, especially when focusing on the production of consumer electronics. Late in 2013, the company’s brand was considered the most valuable brand, after trouncing the Coca-Cola brand. From this information, it is evident that Apple has been making an immense improvement in the market, in concern to its performance, production and market prevalence. In the initial strategies of introduction of the company, it was dealing with computers. The most prevalent computer produced by the company is the Mac computer. While producing the Mac line of computers, the company was known as Apple computer Inc. even though the company was making immense progress in the line of computers, the company felt the need to intensify its business model. This is by introduction of better products, depending on the market demand. Since the company is indebte d to serving its customers, it made an approach of initiating a new line of products to fit the market needs. It shifted to production of consumer electronics, which were gaining prevalence in the market in the wake of 2007. Similarly, the company had to change its name, to reflect on the products and services that are offered to the market. This prompted the introduction of the name Apple Inc. The corporation has various market strategies that are optimising its performance in the market. Apparently, the company has been recording a steady improvement in its performance, especially after introduction of the consumer electronics. For example, the corporation has retail stores in over 14 countries in the world. As such, they have over 408 retail stores in the whole world. This is an initiative to ensure the market niche of the corporation is widespread in the world. With an increased market niche, the company is likely to make a better performance. As a fact, consumers in the market are attracted to products due to proximity to the stores.

Gow Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example for Free

Gow Rhetorical Analysis Essay Chapter 19 of the book The Grapes of Wrath presents historical background on the development of land ownership in California, and traces the American settlement of the land taken from the Mexicans. Fundamentally, the chapter explores the conflict between farming solely as a means of profit making and farming as a way of life. Throughout this chapter, Steinbeck uses a wide variety of persuasive techniques including parallelism, diction, and metaphors to convey his attitude about the plight of migrants migrating to California. This chapter is filled with parallelism. The Californians wonder â€Å"what if [the okies] won’t scare,† (236) and â€Å"what if they stand up† (236) and â€Å"shoot back† (236). Here, Steinbeck is pointing out the natives’ fears and hinting about the migrant’s bravery. He also makes a distinct contrast between the recently arrived Okies who believe that they â€Å"ain’t foreign† (233) and the Californians. Perceiving themselves as coming from a similar background as the rest of the inhabitants of the Golden State, the Okies insist on similar rights; however, the natives believe that although the Okies â€Å"talk the same language† (236) they â€Å"ain’t the same† (236). This knowledge that they deserve the same decencies as any other American citizens gives strength and credence to their demands. Steinbeck makes the Okies appear more dangerous to the California natives and hints that they have the power and ambition to seize the land if they come together. Steinbeck uses diction to prove that the Okies are great people, and that they might be unstoppable if they come together. Steinbeck talks about a boy who dies from â€Å"black tongue† (239) as a result of â€Å"not gettin’ good things to eat† (239). When the Okies learn that the boy’s â€Å"folks can’t bury him† (239) since they have to go to the â€Å"county stone orchard† (239) to do so, their â€Å"hands [go] into† their â€Å"pockets and little coins [come] out† Although, the Okies have barely got enough food to feed their own families, they will not hesitate to help a person in need. Steinbeck is trying to prove how these â€Å"people are good people†(239) and that they are â€Å"kind† (239) no matter how poor they are. In the end of this chapter, he talks about how they constantly pray to God that someday â€Å"kind people won’t all be poor† (239) and that someday â€Å"a kid can eat† ( 239). Steinbeck points out that â€Å"someday the praying would stop† and get answered. In addition to parallelism and diction, he also uses metaphors in his writing. In this chapter he tries to show how desperate the Okies really are by comparing them to â€Å"ants† (233) that are â€Å"scurrying for work, for food,† (233) and most importantly â€Å"for land† (233). He also mentions why the natives are so terrified of the Okies. The natives are scared for their faith because they picture the Okies as armies. They fear the day that the Okies will march on their land â€Å"as the Lombards did in Italy† (236) or â€Å"as the Germans did on Gaul† (236) or as â€Å"Turks did on Byzantine† (236). By making these comparisons between these armies and the Okies, Steinbeck is trying to convey the migrants as powerful. All in all, Steinbeck uses Parallelism, diction, and metaphors to convey the migrants as powerful, caring, and desperate.

Fighting Global Warming Essay -- essays research papers

Global warming has become a major issue discussed over Medias and governments all over the world today. It is a problem that threatens the whole world because of the destructive impacts it can have on us humans and to the environment. Global warming is not a new phenomenon. It is often referred to as the gradual rise of the earths near surface temperature as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities. The green house gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, ozone and water vapor, they act as a blanket that traps enough heat from the sun to warm the earth. This is the green house effect as it is essential to life, for without it the earth would be so cold and would be uninhabitable. If not enough are in the air then the earth would become cold, but if too many gases are released into the air, then we have the problem of things heating up. The releasing of green house gases by humans slowly warm the earth, potentially changing the world?s climate patt ern causing sea levels to rise and more disastrous effects. Now that the causes and effects of global warming are known, there can be strategies done to minimize its causes and effects. To achieve this countries and individuals have to work together to fight global warming, agreements made at the Kyoto Protocol is to minimize burning of fossil fuels in world leading countries of greenhouse gas emission including the United States and China. The earth?s atmosphere is made up of gases, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor and nitrogen, these gases are known as the greenhouse gases, they trap heat from the sun to warm the earth. Without them the earth would be so cold. Most scientists believe that the sharp increase of greenhouse gases released into ... ...more trees to replace the fallen trees. REFERENCE(APA Format)...not in alphabetical order Simmons (2005, September 11). 5 deadliest effects of Global Warming, Retrieved February 28 2008 from http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/sciencetech/5-deadliest-effects-of-global-warming/276 Staff Writers (2007, February 27). Climate Science, retrieved March 2 2008 from http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Banning_New_Coal_Power_Plants_Will_Slow_Warming_999 Forest Holocaust retrieved March 2 2008 from http://www.nationalgeographic.com/eye/deforestation/effect Tapia, J. (2007, May). A Global Climate Change, retrieved March 4 2008, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zpu7IZcdzXE&feature=related Forests: Protecting Forests that Help Mitigate Climate Change, retrieved March 4 2008, from https://secure.worldwildlife.org/climate/forests.cfm

Cooking at Home and Eating in a Restaurant Essay

Modern life becomes more and more comfortable, but we are busier and busier with our job, with our business. We don’t have time to prepare and cook meals at home. Someone prefers to eat fast- food or eat food in a restaurant, but some one still prefer to eat at home. Eating out or eating at home has also advantages and disadvantages, so which one is better? Cooking at home is similar to eating in a restaurant in many ways. Despite of cooking at home or eating out, we have to pay money for our food or spend our time to cook or to go to the restaurant to eat. For example, instead of spending your time to cook, you have to drive to go to the restaurant or sometimes you waste of time to looking for the parking. We also can taste the dishes we like even though we eat at home or at a restaurant. That is a period of time which your family enjoy eating after a long day with hard worked. With your family’s meal, everybody can talk together, tell some funny stories, or share their jobs. However, there are several differences between eating at home and eating out. Home-cooked meals are always healthy. The food at the restaurant may contain high in fat, high calories and other ingredients which are very harmful for the health. If you cook food at home, you have more control over the ingredients, and you can select the ingredients that you like. Furthermore, eating at home saves you so much money compared to eating in restaurants. Eating out are usually more expensive than cooking at home. In restaurants, they often serve big plates of food. They are too much more food than you need to eat at one meal and the money you spend can add up. For instance, with the money for a meal in a restaurant, you can buy food for the whole week for home-cooking. You can shop at cheapest markets, and look for sale items. Eating in a restaurant is also advantage way. Many people are very busy with their jobs outside the house, so they don’t always have time to cook. They like the convenience of eating out. For many reasons such as some one is not very good at cooking, or they like international cuisines or different meals, eating out is the best thing. Cooking at home has a disadvantage that is cooking at home also requires your time. You spend your time to prepare everything like you choose and buy ingredients for cooking your meals. After that, you have to wash dishes and clean up the kitchen. However, eating at home is one of the best ways to enhance the relationship inside your family. Life is busier and people don’t have much time to share their time together, even though they are in a family. Eating at home is all members of your family sit around the table and enjoy the dishes that your mother and you prepared and cooked. In your family, when all you prepare and cook meals at home together, you feel warmer and happier. Eating at home and eating in a restaurant are different in many ways, but they have several things in common. It is difficult for us to prefer to. Both eating at restaurants and cooking at home can be satisfying. Both of them can taste good and be enjoyed with your family and friends. I prefer cooking at home because of the money and health issues, but people will make the choice that fits their lifestyle best.

Evard Munch’s “The Scream”

Analysis of Edvard Munch’s â€Å"The Scream† Just a few months ago, a painting by the famous Norwegian painter Edvard Munch titled â€Å"The Scream†, was sold in an auction for an unprecedented $120 million American dollars. Even at first glance, it is easy to notice why this artwork is so valuable and iconic. The vibrant colors used in the painting along with the emotions it conveys all stand out very distinctly. The screaming man’s expression, the colors, as well as the swirling motion of the sky, work together to invoke in its audience primal feelings.Initial impressions of the painting are often those feelings associated with the sublime, foreboding, angst, and a bit of terror, thrown in for good measure. All in all, this very famous expressionist piece of art is trying to express to its audience the absolute fearsomeness and awesomeness in nature. â€Å"The Scream† is a contrast between the vastness and majesty of nature and the insubstantialit y of mankind. â€Å"The Scream† was painted by Norwegian artist, Edvard Munch between 1893 and 1910 during the Expressionist period.According to Dictionary. com, expressionism is, â€Å" a style of art developed in the 20th century, characterized chiefly by heavy, often black lines that define forms, sharply contrasting, often vivid colors, and subjective or symbolic treatment of thematic material† (dictionary. com). During this period, artists such as Munch put heavy emphasis on perspectives of the individual as well as emotional angst. The painting itself was painted on a cardboard canvas with oils and is roughly 36 inches high by 28. inches wide. The size of the painting shows that the â€Å"screaming† figure in the foreground is very close to lifesize, which makes it the focal point of attention, and causes the audience to first notice the figure and its chilling expression followed by the stark contrasts of light and dark behind the figure, and it is here w here the painting derives much of its emotion. Behind the â€Å"screaming† man is a river which flows into the night, which bleeds into day.Munch’s use of light and dark colors seems to represent calm and anguish, respectively. In the background of the painting are two figures walking into the the horizon, not paying any mind to the blood-red sky nor the despairing man screaming on the bridge. The figures walking away could be seen as Munch’s emphasis on the individual’s perspective. The screaming man is the individual and he realizes both the benevolence and malevolence of nature and can do nothing but scream.The two featureless figures in the background could represent Munch’s expression of the group or group mentality, who are only concerned with their daily lives and are completely unaware of the daunting vastness of nature presented right before their eyes. Perhaps this is Munch’s way to describe how he feels about society as a whole. H e feels disconnected from the group as only he notices the horror about his surroundings. Only he sees the violence in the landscape. The direction of the painting seems to be counter-clockwise, originating from the screamer’s head.The reason for this could be that Munch was showing us that perhaps the â€Å"screaming† man is projecting his realities outward, as it spreads from the river to the bloodstained skies. According to the Art History Guide, â€Å"Munch suffered from agoraphobia, which could explain why the vast open space in the background gives the feeling of being overhwhelm[ed]† (Arthistoryguide. com). This would also explain the main figure’s expression of fear and anxiety. The reason why Munch painted this piece has been debated throughout the years.However, sometimes some explanations can be the most obvious ones. In an article found on Wikipedia, regarding the painting, it describes how Munch wrote, â€Å"†I was walking down the roa d with two friends when the sun set; suddenly, the sky turned as red as blood. I stopped and leaned against the fence, feeling unspeakably tired. Tongues of fire and blood stretched over the bluish black fjord. My friends went on walking, while I lagged behind, shivering with fear. Then I heard the enormous, infinite scream of nature. † (Wikipedia. org).Judging by the main figure’s pose, with his hands covering his ears in shock, one can assume that when he heard nature’s scream, it was deafeningly loud. The sheer intensity of the volume along with the traumatic experience of existential angst is what is, most likely, producing the look of terror on the main figure’s face. His facial expression is a very good translation of what Munch’s idea of absolute terror might be. The colors in the background support this idea further through Munch’s choice of powerful, expressive colors.The deep crimson hues give off a feeling of danger, paranoia, and anxiety while the dark blues relates to loneliness or sadness. The terror is further exemplified with the figures in the background, his â€Å"companions†, completely oblivious to the intense derangement the central figure is experiencing. Human beings have an innate need to be accepted or to belong, as such, the isolation, loneliness, and terror the screaming figure was exhibiting must have been so abstract and profound that it could only be expressed in â€Å"The Scream†.In summary, Edvard Munch’s masterpiece, â€Å"The Scream† is a painting that screams emotion. It was the style and composition that sparked the Expressionist movement in the late eighteenth century, which, in turn, evoked numerous other styles. With just one painting, Munch was able to portray an entire spectrum of human emotion ranging from calm to almost the violently sublime. It is no doubt that such a work was sold for a large fortune because of how iconic and breathtaking this pain ting is.It represents a distant memory of an expressive period of time in human history where not everything was soap dramas, commercials, and the internet. It represented a time of artistic inspiration, an understanding and observance of something truly monolithic and omnipotent, nature. Works Cited â€Å"Expressionism. † Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. â€Å"The Scream by Edvard Munch: Art History & Picture of the Painting. † The Scream by Edvard Munch: Art History & Picture of the Painting. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Edvard Munch. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 June 2012. Web. 03 Jan. 2013. Evard Munch’s â€Å"The Scream† Analysis of Edvard Munch’s â€Å"The Scream† Just a few months ago, a painting by the famous Norwegian painter Edvard Munch titled â€Å"The Scream†, was sold in an auction for an unprecedented $120 million American dollars. Even at first glance, it is easy to notice why this artwork is so valuable and iconic. The vibrant colors used in the painting along with the emotions it conveys all stand out very distinctly. The screaming man’s expression, the colors, as well as the swirling motion of the sky, work together to invoke in its audience primal feelings.Initial impressions of the painting are often those feelings associated with the sublime, foreboding, angst, and a bit of terror, thrown in for good measure. All in all, this very famous expressionist piece of art is trying to express to its audience the absolute fearsomeness and awesomeness in nature. â€Å"The Scream† is a contrast between the vastness and majesty of nature and the insubstantialit y of mankind. â€Å"The Scream† was painted by Norwegian artist, Edvard Munch between 1893 and 1910 during the Expressionist period.According to Dictionary. com, expressionism is, â€Å" a style of art developed in the 20th century, characterized chiefly by heavy, often black lines that define forms, sharply contrasting, often vivid colors, and subjective or symbolic treatment of thematic material† (dictionary. com). During this period, artists such as Munch put heavy emphasis on perspectives of the individual as well as emotional angst. The painting itself was painted on a cardboard canvas with oils and is roughly 36 inches high by 28. inches wide. The size of the painting shows that the â€Å"screaming† figure in the foreground is very close to lifesize, which makes it the focal point of attention, and causes the audience to first notice the figure and its chilling expression followed by the stark contrasts of light and dark behind the figure, and it is here w here the painting derives much of its emotion. Behind the â€Å"screaming† man is a river which flows into the night, which bleeds into day.Munch’s use of light and dark colors seems to represent calm and anguish, respectively. In the background of the painting are two figures walking into the the horizon, not paying any mind to the blood-red sky nor the despairing man screaming on the bridge. The figures walking away could be seen as Munch’s emphasis on the individual’s perspective. The screaming man is the individual and he realizes both the benevolence and malevolence of nature and can do nothing but scream.The two featureless figures in the background could represent Munch’s expression of the group or group mentality, who are only concerned with their daily lives and are completely unaware of the daunting vastness of nature presented right before their eyes. Perhaps this is Munch’s way to describe how he feels about society as a whole. H e feels disconnected from the group as only he notices the horror about his surroundings. Only he sees the violence in the landscape. The direction of the painting seems to be counter-clockwise, originating from the screamer’s head.The reason for this could be that Munch was showing us that perhaps the â€Å"screaming† man is projecting his realities outward, as it spreads from the river to the bloodstained skies. According to the Art History Guide, â€Å"Munch suffered from agoraphobia, which could explain why the vast open space in the background gives the feeling of being overhwhelm[ed]† (Arthistoryguide. com). This would also explain the main figure’s expression of fear and anxiety. The reason why Munch painted this piece has been debated throughout the years.However, sometimes some explanations can be the most obvious ones. In an article found on Wikipedia, regarding the painting, it describes how Munch wrote, â€Å"†I was walking down the roa d with two friends when the sun set; suddenly, the sky turned as red as blood. I stopped and leaned against the fence, feeling unspeakably tired. Tongues of fire and blood stretched over the bluish black fjord. My friends went on walking, while I lagged behind, shivering with fear. Then I heard the enormous, infinite scream of nature. † (Wikipedia. org).Judging by the main figure’s pose, with his hands covering his ears in shock, one can assume that when he heard nature’s scream, it was deafeningly loud. The sheer intensity of the volume along with the traumatic experience of existential angst is what is, most likely, producing the look of terror on the main figure’s face. His facial expression is a very good translation of what Munch’s idea of absolute terror might be. The colors in the background support this idea further through Munch’s choice of powerful, expressive colors.The deep crimson hues give off a feeling of danger, paranoia, and anxiety while the dark blues relates to loneliness or sadness. The terror is further exemplified with the figures in the background, his â€Å"companions†, completely oblivious to the intense derangement the central figure is experiencing. Human beings have an innate need to be accepted or to belong, as such, the isolation, loneliness, and terror the screaming figure was exhibiting must have been so abstract and profound that it could only be expressed in â€Å"The Scream†.In summary, Edvard Munch’s masterpiece, â€Å"The Scream† is a painting that screams emotion. It was the style and composition that sparked the Expressionist movement in the late eighteenth century, which, in turn, evoked numerous other styles. With just one painting, Munch was able to portray an entire spectrum of human emotion ranging from calm to almost the violently sublime. It is no doubt that such a work was sold for a large fortune because of how iconic and breathtaking this pain ting is.It represents a distant memory of an expressive period of time in human history where not everything was soap dramas, commercials, and the internet. It represented a time of artistic inspiration, an understanding and observance of something truly monolithic and omnipotent, nature. Works Cited â€Å"Expressionism. † Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. â€Å"The Scream by Edvard Munch: Art History & Picture of the Painting. † The Scream by Edvard Munch: Art History & Picture of the Painting. N. p. , n. d. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Edvard Munch. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 01 June 2012. Web. 03 Jan. 2013.

GLOBAL WARMING Essays (986 words) - Climate Change, Global Warming

GLOBAL WARMING Essays (986 words) - Climate Change, Global Warming GLOBAL WARMING Running head: GLOBAL WARMING 1 Global warming Name Institution GLOBAL WARMING 2 Global warming Global warming is the increase in the average global temperature caused by greenhouse gas effects on solar and thermal radiation (Hansen, 2007). In this regard, Greenhouse gases are the gaseous components of the atmosphere that absorb and later release radiation at specific wavelengths. Gases in the upper ambiance such as carbon dioxide, sulphur hexafluoride and methane trap radiation from the sun close to the earths surface instead of permitting it to disperse into the space; this results in increased atmospheric temperatures. Both human-made and natural conditions contribute to global warming; however, mans activities in contributing to global warming cannot be underscored. While the effects of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are expected to be severe, human activities are continuously increasing the threat of global warming. The current discussion explains how human activities impact global warming as well as the personal tactics to minimize the contribution to global warming. Many scientists predict that the continuous increase in temperature will cause polar ice caps and mountain glaciers to melt rapidly. The melting will significantly raise the level of the coastal waters and hence produce new patterns of extreme precipitation and probably expand subtropical deserts. The change in precipitation patterns will interrupt agricultural activities in many regions, and this will lead to food instability. The rising of sea water levels will result in flooding at the coastal towns and hence destroy life and property. The disruption in temperature will result in extinction of animal and plant species that are incapable of adapting to the new environmental conditions. The general effect will be massive extinction that will lead to an environmental catastrophe. The extinction of species will also result in a sudden collapse of biological systems. In general, frequent and strong La Ninas and El Nios, ocean acidification, extinction of species, forest fires and heat waves will make the environment unbearable to GLOBAL WARMING 3 humans (Hansen, 2007). The present change in climate is accredited to the increase in greenhouse gases that are caused by effects of human industrial processes, transportation, land use changes and agricultural practices (Hansen, 2007). The largest driver of global warming is thus carbon dioxide and aerosol emissions from human activities such as deforestation, combustion of fossil fuels and cement production. The presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere alters the incoming thermal radiations and thus disrupts energy balance. As the atmosphere thickens with greenhouse gases, more heat is held up. Fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, petroleum and charcoal are highly carbonated. When burned, they produce a lot of carbon dioxide which is released into the atmosphere. For instance, when a single gallon of gasoline is burned, it adds 19 pounds of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere (Pacala & Socolow, 2004). In particular, the land use practices contribute to global warming. Trees are essential in ensuring natural regulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. They also form a cover that moderates the radiation processes and determine the amount of heat to be retained or radiated. The ever increasing human population has led to deforestation to pave the way for human settlement. Trees are also cut for the purposes of logging, provision of timber and paper making. Deforestation, therefore, contributes to approximately 25% of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (Pacala & Socolow, 2004). Based on the research by Hansen, the burning of hydrocarbons and the decomposition of landfills (garbage) from human activities results in methane production (2007). The cultivation of rice and the integration of manure from domestic livestock in agricultural practices is also a major methane producer. Methane is an active greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but also one which is less abundant in the atmosphere. Soil cultivation practices, especially the use of organic GLOBAL WARMING 4 fertilizers has resulted in the increase of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere that also contributes to global warming (Pacala & Socolow, 2004). Human beings use chlorofluorocarbons for refrigeration and air conditioning; they continuously deplete the ozone layer and hence result in increased solar radiation. Since human beings are the major contributors to global warming, they should be at the forefront in the process of curbing it. At an individual level, I will replace the pollutant fossil fuels

How to Deal with Behavioral Interview Questions

How to Deal with Behavioral Interview Questions For some hiring managers, a job interview is a chance to get a candidate’s psychological profile as well as his or her direct qualifications for the job. This might include â€Å"staring contest† type questions, hypothetical situations that seem to have little to do with the topic at hand, or questions about your life outside of work. These can pull you out of your interview comfort zone, but they don’t have to. Here are some strategies for navigating behavioral interview questions.DON’T fall into the silent treatment trap.Most people, when faced with silence (especially with someone they don’t know well), feel obligated to fill that silence. If an interviewer asks you a question, and you answer it only to be met with a stare and no reply, don’t try to shovel in more information or clarify further. You already answered the question, and going off the cuff could talk you out of the job. It’s okay to give the pause a few minutes, then as k, â€Å"Is there anything else you’d like to know on this point?† Make sure that when you ask, it’s not sarcastic or nervous- just a straightforward question.DON’T try to match the silent treatment with aggression.Staring down your interviewer, nostrils flaring like you’re in an Old West showdown, is not going to help your cause. It’s not necessarily a case of â€Å"he who backs down first loses,† but rather just a test of how you react. Keep it calm and friendly.DO be prepared to talk about what you do outside of work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦but try to keep it at least semi-related to the job discussion. If you do volunteer work, talk about the kind of skills you apply there. If you talk about a hobby, emphasize that it’s something that helps you decompress outside of work hours. Before you talk about any outside interests, make sure it’s appropriate for the company and professional conversation. NSFW hobbies should be left off t he table completely (and hopefully your R-rated blog is well hidden under a non-identifiable pseudonym!).DON’T let unnerving questions be a backdoor to illegal interview information.Whether intentional or not, shifting the focus of the interview to personal activities, or to making you so nervous that you’re willing to spill anything, can produce information that the interviewer should not be privy to.For example, if you’re asked about your personal goals and activities, and you talk about your church youth group mentoring, you’ve introduced religion to the interview. If you talk about the Mommy-and-Me yoga class you started in your neighborhood, you’ve opened up family status. Be choosy about what you discuss.DO be creative for â€Å"What would you be†¦?† questions.If you’re asked what kind of tree/animal/Backstreet Boy you’d be, answer the question. But you don’t have to answer it totally faithfully to your person ality. Tailor it to what you think would best match the job and the company. For example, I wouldn’t answer, â€Å"I’d be a panda, because I’m slow and like to eat salad.† Instead, I’d say, â€Å"I’d be an octopus, because I’m great at multitasking.†These questions may be designed to knock you slightly off your game and get to the real you, so you shouldn’t worry too much when they happen. Just be ready to keep the focus on the job that’s up for grabs, and always find a way to spin it back to your qualifications.

RES675, Version 2 - Written Assignment #1 Essay

RES675, Version 2 - Written Assignment #1 - Essay Example Each part is weighed against generally accepted methods for preparing research articles. The review concludes with the author’s thoughts about the research methods depicted in the two articles, citing appropriateness of the methods as well as limitations. Research is the cornerstone of any science. It refers to the systematic and purpose-driven process of attempting to gain knowledge about something. Research processes are often documented in journals, which describes the reason for the research, how the research was conducted and the results of the research or study made. This paper looks into two researches conducted and reviews the documented research process contained in the journal article published by the researchers. The first research article presents research done with postcards and looks into its usage as a souvenir, collectible or a means of communication from 1985 until 1920. The research was conducted by Bjarne Rogan, professor of ethnology and culture history at the University of Oslo, Norway. His article on his postcard research was published in the Cultural Analysis journal in 2005. The article describes the researcher’s purpose for conducting the research using present day postcard collections from the period mentioned above. The researcher wanted to look into other aspects of postcards aside from their picture side where more scholarly researched had been focused on. Reviews of previously published articles and literature on postcards are also used by the researcher in order to determine the reasons for the postcard’s popularity during its time, as well as to trace the development of postcards and the evolution of its design during the period. The second research article presents research regarding consumption of energy drink among college students. The research was conducted by Brenda Malinauskas, Victor Aeby, Reginald Overton, Tracy Aeby, and Kimberly Heidal, all professors at East Carolina University

Music-Culture Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music-Culture Questions - Essay Example Music has been a part of human civilization since the earliest times of human existence. The evolution of music over the centuries has made it an almost integral part of human life to the extent that music stars become heroes of a country and are immortalized in memory, stamps, or statues and by their very own work. From the classical producers of music like Beethoven and Bach, the rock stars of the 60s to the boy band fever of the 90s, music has been an essential aspect of art and culture for our society. With regard to my own experience, I find it very difficult to estimate how many hours per day I listen to music especially if I include the songs running in the background while I work on my computer or when I am sitting in a lab. However, on a conservative estimate I would guess that I listen to at least 2 hours of music on a daily basis. Often, I will leave the music playing while the TV is on and mute the TV while I work on my computer with the music playing in the background.

Deviant Then, Revered Now Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Deviant Then, Revered Now - Coursework Example For his work, he was posthumously awarded with ‘President’s Medal of Freedom.’ Talking of the eight people, who received this award, President Obama said, â€Å"Each of them was an agent of change. Each saw an imperfect world and set about improving it, often overcoming great obstacles along the way.† (â€Å"cbs5†). This tremendous change in perception of people of U.S.A. towards Harvey Milk was brought about by a series of events. What triggered this change was the acceptance of homosexuality by American Psychiatric Association. The same association had earlier considered homosexuality to be a ‘mental illness’. Some political issues also contributed to the cause. In an attempt to gain the votes of LGBT (Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender) society, democratic leaders refused to discriminate based on sexual orientation and supported gay rights. Clinton, during his tenure, authored an executive order banning discrimination based on sex. All the hard work of gay activists has paid off and citizens of United States of America have realized that the sexual orientation of a person is a private, and not public, issue; that looking down on a person because he/she is homosexual is unjust. Most of the provinces have legalized same sex marriage. (Head) .All this began with a man who was unabash ed of his homosexuality and refused to be treated like criminal for being so. Harvey Milk was offered a tribute in the form of the movie ‘Milk’ that was released in 2008. In my opinion, the events mentioned above did not lead to a change in the perception of American citizens towards Harvey Milk. Rather, it was Mr. Milk’s work for gay rights and his acceptance of himself that led to the above events and finally, towards the freedom of

Role Of Registered Nurses In Ambulatory Care Setting

Role Of Registered Nurses In Ambulatory Care Setting The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of Lewins change theory in introduction of modified role of Registered Nurses in ambulatory care. In particular, discussion will focus on role change from coordinating role to clinical role while utilising Lewins theory of transitional change. BACKGROUND Lewins theory of change was implemented to bring innovations in traditional roles of nurses at ambulatory care by introducing an ambulatory care nursing conceptual framework adopted by AAACN/ANA in 1998. Three main roles were introduced, clinical role, professional role and organization/system role. Nurses capacity buildings by professional and clinical education, empowerment and role and assignment modifications were key strategies to achieve this change. CONCLUSION: The change process is greatly enhanced by the application of a logical process through the identification of a problem, development of an implementation plan and clear monitoring and evaluation at all stages. The choice of a suitable change model/theory aided the course of development of role of ambulatory care RNs, which was visibly noted in the project with use of Lewins (1951) theory of transitional change. Developing the role of Registered Nurses in ambulatory care setting: A change management project AIMS: The primary purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of change process implementation in lieu of Lewins theory of transitional change to implement new roles of RNs in ambulatory care setting. INTRODUCTION: The concept of change may simply be defined as to make or become different (Mc Leod and Hanks, 1982, p. 72). Change is an inevitable phenomenon of the universe. For evolutionary purpose as well nothing remains constant. Change brings new life and energy in the existing systems which otherwise can be redundant over period of time. Baulcomb (2003) said that planned change represents an intentional attempt to improve operational and managerial effectiveness. The transition of changing from one practice to another is never easy. The literature stresses that the effective management of change includes empowering the people involved in the change and not utilizing an autocratic or top-down approach (Crotty 1996, Baileff 2000). However, it has been a common observation that usually change projects are forced from higher management to the employees which many time results either in unsuccessful project outcome or dissatisfaction of the employees. Ulrich, et al (2002) said that two thirds of quality projects fail because of the prevailing culture and the resistance of the people to change. (p. 211). Therefore, any successful change project requires honest commitment from leadership which leads the team with courage and motivation. Schifalacqua and Costello (2009) said: It is important that management practices are aligned to support and reinforce the change, such as clinical systems, staffing, and rewards. The changing of systems and structures are vital to lasting change. (p. 27). Todays healthcare is very different from what it was a just a decade ago. It has taken a shape of an industry/business which is growing at an incredible speed. This fast paced growth keeps the healthcare managers on toe to meet the challenges of rapidly changing world around them. Ferrara-Love (1997) said: Health care is not immune from the impact of change, and is still in its infancy of downsizing, mergers, and corporate buyoutsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The changes health care is experiencing are not unique, but are reflective of changes in society. (p. 12). This can explicitly be seen today where everyone wants to have cost containment due to which institutional level changes are made at a rapid pace. Healthcare industry is not an exclusion from this change phenomenon, which many times put the employees at stress that may affect their work performance as well. Factors that can affect change also include: the attitudes of people, lack of perceived support during the change process, worker reluctance or resistance to change, lack of consideration of attitudes and beliefs of staff, fear, anxiety, uncertainty and loss of control (Crotty 1996, Telles 1996, Willmot 1998, Baileff 2000, Carney 2000, Tingle 2002). Any change process requires utilization of resources in terms of human, finance, and material; hence the change process needs frequent monitoring and evaluation for its applicability and effectiveness. Schifalacqua and Costello (2009) said the transition of moving from one practice change to another is never easy, and the people side of change is a dominant aspect that needs to be incorporated into the overall implementation plan. (p. 27). This can be seen in daily routines as people get accustomed to the practices over a period of time and usually it is difficult to change the practice which they ingrain in their daily lives. Hence, the successful change implementation depends upon the communication and shared values between the team members responsible for the change. Therefore, one should not expect a successful change to be implemented overnight. This requires thorough planning, critical thinking and engagement of relevant stakeholders which requires energy, dedication, time commitment and mutual respect between two parties that is the change agent and the client. Smith-Bla and Bradle (1999) said: Although health care organizational change is a constant phenomenon, little is understood as to how staff experiences this change. Unsuccessful change efforts have suggested the possible important relationship between understanding staffs experience and improved results. (p.340) This is a vital consideration to be taken into account by change management leaders as healthcare is growing at an incredible pace; the demand and supply ratio needs to be balanced by implementing innovative change strategies which should be cost effective as well as user friendly. If the clients input is not considered then the leaders might not be able to have a successful outcome from a change process which they might desire. BACKGROUND: The subject of change is not new. Poggenpoel (1992) affirms that change may lead to real innovation, providing abundant opportunities for creating a better way forward. This is particularly true in healthcare setting. Todays evidence based medicine and evidence based nursing practices primarily bring innovation and change in the field of health sciences which ultimately help in improving quality of life whether of patients in specific or society in general. However, the process of leading successful change requires effective communication, wide participation, facilitation and manipulating different interests towards the agreed goal (McLaren and Ross, 2000). Successful change cannot be a one man show and needs team effort which cannot occur without effective communication between team members who need to work with mutual understanding towards shared vision. The ambulatory clinics are an integral part of any hospital; clinics are the bridge between the hospital and the community, and are utilized as a pre-hospitalization center. Null and Bonser (1997) stressed: The outpatient /ambulatory services can be a vital stage in many patient journeys. It may be a patients only place in the hospital setting where they visit on continuous basis. So far this has been a department staffed by nurses who have no proficiency in any clinical specialty. Hence, they gain experience in several and expertise in none. (p. 325). The affirmation above was very true for staff nurses working at ambulatory care setting in my organization. Role of Registered Nurses (RNs) at ambulatory clinics had been a real discussion at my organization due to a general perception that there is no active clinical role of registered nurses in clinics thus they are underutilized. In addition due to cost containment projects, highly paid employees efficiency was also closely monitored therefore registered nurses being highly paid among other staff categories were objected for being underutilized at outpatient clinics. Out of 215 staff in ambulatory care setting, 75 (34.8%) are RNs who cover all the specialties. These registered nurses have gone through general nursing training in their graduating school of nursing. They develop clinic based competencies during their competency based orientation conducted in the unit within first three months of their job. This on-job training is supervised by Clinical Nurse Instructor (CNI) and Cli nical Nurse Specialist (CNS) of ambulatory care services. Haas (1998) said: Ambulatory care nursing is a unique realm of nursing practice. It is characterized by rapid, focused assessments of patients, long-term nurse/patient/family relationships, and teaching and translating prescriptions for care into doable activities for patients and their caregivers. (p. 16). However, at my institution this role was limited to initial assessment and giving some very basic education to patient like on diet and medication. While reflecting the factual nursing roles and practices at ambulatory care services of our setting in the light of definition by AAACN/ANA, a big room for improvement and innovation was seen to re-conceptualize RNs roles and practices. The existing roles and responsibilities carried out by clinic RNs were much more general than the efficient clinical roles which they should have been playing. It was now the responsibility of nursing management of ambulatory care services to relook at the roles and re-assign tasks so that the true need of registered nurses and their proper utilization could be justified. Literature search on RNs roles in outpatient clinics revealed that internationally there are RN-managed clinics, telephone medicated care by RNs, specialty based nurse educators, practitioner, consultants, and clinical nurse experts such as pre-operative nurse, oncology nurse, wound specialist nurse etc (Hamner, 2005). American Academy of Ambulatory Care Nursing (AAACN, 1995) categorized roles of ambulatory care nurses as clinical, management, educational, and researcher roles. DISCUSSION: The goal of the management plan was to address the issue of strengthening the role of registered nurses at ambulatory care services, to justify their need in outpatient services; Lewins three stage model was chosen to introduce the change in RNs role. Lewins model has intuitive appeal and became an enduring influence because it was taken up as one of the foundation stones of the organizational development (OD) movement during the 1960s-1980s (Burnes 2000, Cummings Worley 2001).The reason behind choosing Lewins change theory was its easy and simple implementation and efficacy in bringing modification in existing practices by analyzing driving forces, restraining forces, and by targeting new innovations and implementation. The literature supports the effective use of said theory in various organizational change management projects (Mrayyan et al, 2007; Huber, 2006; Marquisand Huston, 2005). Fetherston et.al (2009) emphasized the importance of major change and endorsed that: Where a major change is implemented, models such as Lewins (1951) model of unfreezing, changing and refreezing can be a useful guide (p. 2586). As the alteration of RNs role at ambulatory clinic was a significant major change Lewins model proved to be a useful and effective guide for system modification. The system perspective of the Kurt Lewins theory suggests that the process of change occurs in three stages: unfreezing, moving and refreezing. For change to occur, a motivational factor should arise in order to break the ice. Baulcomb (2003) states that This theory places emphasis on the driving and resisting forces associated with any change, and to achieve success the importance lies with ensuring that driving forces outweigh resisting forcesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The intention is to reach a state of equilibrium. (p. 277). Green (1983) stated within every change situation forces exist either to push the system toward changing (pro-change forces), or push it away from changing (anti-change forces). (p.1623). Pro-change forces act to alter the status quo and are considered important aspects of change motivation. Anti-change forces, on the other hand, work toward maintaining equilibrium and are usually manifested as habits, rituals or policies. Unfreezing occurs when the driving forces (pro-change) become stronger than the restraining forces (anti-change). Stage 1: The unfreezing phase-becoming motivated to change: Schifalacqua and Costello (2009) said: Communication is vital to any change process. If the change is on the unit level, a question-and-answer format on the impact on patient care and/or the caregivers is very effective. (p.29). The key to this phase was to answer following questions: What is the problem which needs to be addresses by the change management project? Who needs to be involved in the change process? What will be the post change benefits to the organization? What would be the likely cost of the change? Huber (2006) asserted that the first stage is cognitive exposure to the change idea, diagnosis of the problem, and work to generate alternative solutions. (p.811). Discussion with the in charge nurse and staff nurses of ambulatory care services was held in which desired change and of role modification was highlighted. Majority was in consensus of the need of this change as they were also dissatisfied due to peoples perception of their role and lack of clinical utilization of them in their workplace. It was also shared that changing the nurses role would be potentially stressful for those taking the new role as well as for those with whom they work. Fetherston et.al (2009) stated that: When change is managed in systematic steps with adequate evaluation and communication throughout the process, it is more likely to result in successful outcomes. (p. 2582) From a broader perspective there was an impulsion for developing RNs to meet the need of multispecialty tasks at outpatient setting, with a need to demonstrate the effectiveness of any new roles created. This multispecialty tasking required RNs to gain competency in multispecialty. Miller, Flynn, Umadac (1998) said: Competency is the assessment of the employees ability to perform the skills and tasks of his or her position as defined in his or her job description. A competent staff member has the knowledge, skills, ability, and behaviors to perform required tasks correctly. (p. 10). Hence, in order to evaluate the competence of ambulatory care RNs baseline knowledge and practice assessment was done for 40 RNs to assess their insight related to clinical, professional and system roles in ambulatory work setting (please refer appendix A). Audit results showed only 41% involvement of nurses in clinical related knowledge and patient care tasks. Cork, A (2005) said: When examining the introduction of competencies in relation to force-field analysis it can be seen that one of the main drivers would be an improvement in nurses practice and a defined level of achieved competence for individual nurses. In addition, the projected benefit to patient care, through the acquisition and application of knowledge, would be a major driver. (p.40) The audit proved to be very useful in identifying gaps in the required standards of nursing knowledge and practice of RNs working in the clinic setting. Hence, it ultimately helped in planning and implementing educational strategies to overcome the identified gaps. Stage 2: The moving phase-change- what needs to be changed? Once mutual agreement for a desire for role modification was obtained, ambulatory care nursing conceptual framework by Haas, S.A. (2006) was searched from literature (please refer appendix B). The framework was liked by higher authorities and approved to be incorporated and introduced in the ambulatory care nursing model. Flannigan (1995) states, If you can define an ideal culture in terms of your strategy and leadership, particularly how the culture would be different from the way it is currently, then you have the basis for changing the culture. (p. 60). In order to gain shared vision for proposed changed culture the model was introduced to all ambulatory services RNs to obtain their feedback and open discussions were held through meetings with nursing management, ambulatory care nurses and medical colleagues. On this occasion, information concerning the change was provided through a discussion and presentation of research findings regarding development of outpatient nurses specialty based practices. Indeed, this increased knowledge about specialty based roles created dissatisfaction with the current system. Tross and Cavanagh (1996) claim that dissatisfaction with the status quo is the most influential factor in the initiation of change. However, rather than being an education issue, four nurses argued that it was an experiential issue and subsequently suggested that it may cause the difficulties in implementing specialty based roles. Being mindful of the normative re-educative strategy that was employed in the change process, provi sion was made to appreciate the resistors feelings. Nevertheless, it was asserted that if nurses did not have the theoretical knowledge, which underpins the specialty skills, they would be unlikely to be competent practically in this area (Reece and Walker, 1997). Accordingly, the resistors argument was diluted by providing them with abundant amounts of evidence to support the introduction of the project. A consensus was then reached and actions were prioritized for the change initiative in specialty based training. Smale (1998) highlights the benefits of actively involving staff that are closest to the problems, by explaining that they are closest to the solution. Consequently, Rigorous training sessions were arranged for nurses for clinical concepts such as triage, health assessments, specialty based diseases and case presentations, specialty based skills assistance, patient and family education and counseling techniques etc. Applicability of RN roles taken from the framework: Within pre-admission assessment, the aim was to develop the RN role so that s/he could get the patients medical history, and perform pre-consultation assessment accordingly. Nurse-led pre-admission assessment has shown to be effective and safe (Whiteley et al. 1997). The issue of developing advanced assessment skills was resolved through special courses by clinical nurse specialist. There is an evidence to suggest that developing the role of the nurse specialist or practitioner can increase the continuity of care whilst still maintaining clinical standards; examples include nurse-led rheumatology follow-up (Hill 1997) and breast care follow-up (Earnshaw 1997). Such a development not only enhanced stability but also free up consultants time within their clinic to see patients with more complex needs and to potentially increase the number of new patients that could be seen. A group of seven senior RNs was formed from different sections of ambulatory care, to be included in a review of ambulatory care related policies, protocols and work instructions. This group was also trained for supervisory skills to cater evening shifts and weekends in absence of head nurses of respective units. This role proved to be productive and satisfactory for nurses as well. Stage3: The refreezing phase-making the change permanent: The introduction of role changes were well appreciated by the consultants, management and RNs. Enhanced patient safety, patients and nurses satisfaction and most of all effective time utilization was evident. To fix these changes, slight modification in RNs job descriptions (JDs) was done to introduce these role aspects in their JDs. Furthermore, their schedules and assignments were fixed for three months period and then rotations were pre-planned. In this instance, Lewins (1951) force-field analysis also served as an assessment of the driving and restraining forces that impacted on the implementation of this change process. Driving forces facilitate change because they push employees in the desired direction (Kritsonis, 2004). These were RNs motivation and enthusiasm, pressure from higher management and doctors acceptance, patients safety and satisfaction. There was little resistance to change in first three months of the project. Those whoclosely working with RNs in out-patient setting were supportive of the project and worked with the team for achievement of goals. In fact, the slower than anticipated development meant that key stakeholders such as consultants did not feel threatened by the pace of the change. Evaluation: The outcome of the strategies through implementation of conceptual framework as a change agent was assessed through measurement audits. Audit of the nurses practices was carried out concurrently, while the patients experiences were being surveyed. The literature contends that change is not consolidated without continuous monitoring and observation (Smale, 1998). Furthermore, Dale (1994) asserts that internal auditing, scrutiny of records and objective observation help discover what is currently taking place. An audit tool was developed with 19 criteria, 80% nurses were evaluated on conceptual framework through this audit tool, 74.2% compliance was observed for knowledge and new role implementation. 50% of ambulatory nurses were trained for health assessment, performing health assessment of patients with clinical emergencies as a daily clinical task. 100% patients with clinical emergencies were identified by RNs of assigned clinics and received timely interventions and transfer to appropriate care facilities. 80% patients received education on disease, treatment plan and lifestyle modification from nurse educators in specialty based clinics. Other gains were safe and complex patient care delivery, evident by no clinical errors and incidences in that period. Increased patient satisfaction indicated by no clinical complaints reported by patients. Consequently nurses satisfaction was largely enhanced, assessed by subjective verbalization of nurses in open forums and meetings. Formal surveys for nurses and patient satisfaction need to be conducted to evaluate objectivity of these outcomes. CONCLUSION: The change process was greatly enhanced by the application of a logical process through the identification of a problem, development of an implementation plan and clear monitoring and evaluation at all stages. Furthermore, the selection of an appropriate change model aided this process, something clearly demonstrated in this project with use of Lewins (1951) theory of transitional change. It also discovered some very hopeful aspects with regard to professional development and team working. However, it was also experienced that change is not easy, sometimes filled with unwary troubles and sometimes intimidating. 3,304